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RECEPTORS AND EFFECTORS

RECEPTORS AND EFFECTORS. SENSES, MUSCLES AND BONES. SENSORY RECEPTORS. Eyes and Ears. EYE Anatomy. Ear anatomy. Sight. Regulation of the intensity of light: pupil . It does this through the contraction or relaxation of muscles located in the iris.

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RECEPTORS AND EFFECTORS

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  1. RECEPTORS AND EFFECTORS SENSES, MUSCLES AND BONES

  2. SENSORY RECEPTORS

  3. Eyes and Ears EYE Anatomy Earanatomy

  4. Sight • Regulation of theintensity of light: pupil. • Itdoesthisthroughthecontractionorrelaxation of muscleslocated in the iris. • Focusingtheimages in the retina: lens. • Itdoesthisthroughthemuscles of theciliarybody. • Flat: destantobjects • Curved: near

  5. Sensorycells • Sensorycells are located in theretina. Thislayeriscomposed of differentneuronsadaptedtorecievedifferentintensity of light ordifferentcolors. (Rodes and cones) • Theneuronswillform a nerve, theopticnerve, tosendtheinformationtothebrain.

  6. Hearing and balance • Vibrationsreachtheeardrum. Thenitistransmittedthroughthebones of themiddleear. Thisaction causes the fluid in theinnereartovibratestimulatingthecells of thecochlea, whichmake up theorgan of Corti. Thisorganismade up of neuronsthatform a nerve, theauditorynerve. • Thevestibulecontainsperilimphthatrunsinsidethethreechannels (semicircular channels) and twovesicles (utricule and sacule). Limphmovements determine the position alongwithvision and othermechanoreceptors.

  7. Touch

  8. Skinreceptors

  9. Taste and smell Taste Smell Stimuli: chemicalsubstances in food Receptors: taste buds Place: mouth Stimuli: chemicalsubstances in air Receptors: olfactorycells in olfactorybulbs Place: nasal cavities 3000 differentsmells

  10. Locomotion • Passiveparts: bones • Active parts: muscles • Bonesgivethebodystructure and support. • Muscles are attachedtobones, and move • them.

  11. Bones • Bones are formedbytheossification of cartilage. Calciumisneededforstrongebonegrowth. • Functions: • Support • Shape • Protection • Attachmentsformuscles • Produce red bloodcells

  12. Long bones

  13. Bones: short and flat bones

  14. Joints • There are threekinds of joint: fixed, movable, and semi-movable. • Fixedjointsstop thebonesfrommoving. Skul. • Movablejointsallowustomove. Theycontain a lubricatingliquid, calledsynovial fluid. Theyalsohaveligaments, whichkeepthebonesunited. Elbow. • Semi-movableallowonlylimitedmovements. Vertebrae.

  15. Skull

  16. Muscles • Muscles are made up of muscle-fibrebundles. Eachbundlecontainsmanylongelongatedmusclefibres. • Whentheyjoin up theprotectivecoveringsform a specialkind of tissuecalledtendons, whichconnect a muscleto a bone. • Musclescontractbybecomingshorter. Theenergyisobtainedfromcellularrespiration. • To produce thedesiredmovement, variousmusclesmustbecoordinated at thesame time. They are calledagonist, theyworkagainsothermusclescalledantagonists: onecontracts and theotherrelaxes.

  17. Humanmuscles

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