Nervous tissue : fibres , synapses receptors , effectors

1. Nervoustissue: fibres, synapsesreceptors, effectors Dr. ZitaPuskár EDI 1/12/1017

2. Axons Myelinated (enclosed within special sheet) Unmyelinated

3. Myelinated axon

4. Myelin sheath in the CNS The myelin sheat is formed by the processes of oligodendrocyte. One oligodendrocyte myelinate parts of several axons.

5. Composition of myelin MBP: Myelin basic protein PLP: Proteolipid protein 40% water, 70-85% lipid és 15-30% protein

6. Myelination in the periphery internodium Axons are sheated by Schwann cells.

7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJe3_3XsBOg

8. A portion along the axon sheated by the Schwann cell is the internodal segment. Unmyelinated part of the axon between two internodal segments is the node of Ranvier. The node of Ranvier is covered by basement membrane produced by the two neighbouring Schwann cells. Schmidt-Lantermann clefts: nexus, punctum adherens → diffúsion path, maintenance

9. Unmyelinated axons PNS CNS Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) More than one axon is engulfed by Schwann cells Central Nervous System(CNS) Free axons. Only astrocyte endfeets are attached to them. They are not sheated at all.

10. Excitable membranes

11. Functions of the myelin sheath: saltatoric conduction

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJe3_3XsBOg

13. Functions of the myelin sheath: regeneration

14. Nerve fibers Nerve fiber: Axon (neurit) + glial sheath (if exists) Boundles of nerve fibers form tracts in the CNS

15. Boundles of nerve fibers form the peripheral nerve in the periphery Fascicles Sensory and motor fibers are mixed generally in the peripheral nerve

16. Connective tissue sheaths of the peripheral nerve Endoneurium: loose connective tissue with reticular fibres around each fibre Perineurium: myofilament containing, flat, epithelial like cells among circularly arranged connective tissue fibres around each fascicles (1-10 layers). The cells attached to each other by tight junctions and form diffusion barrier. Blood vessels are located in this layer. Epineurium: connective tissue sheath containing long, wavy collagen fibres around the nerve. It contains larger blood vessels. Paraneurium*: loose connective tissue.

18. Peripheral nerve fibers Conduction velocity and diameter A fibers B fibers C fibers 1-20 µm Ø 1-3 µm Ø 0,5-1 µm Ø 70-120 m/s 3-60 m/s 0,5-2 m/s     M S M S,N Pr N, Po M: motor, S: Sensory, Pr: preganglionic N: nociceptor, Po:postganglionic

19. Sclerosis Multiplex

20. Interneuronal communication: synapsis Classification: (1) pre-and postsynaptic elements :axo-axonic, axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, dendro-dendritic , (2) modalities of the transmission (elektronical, chemical), (3) postsynaptic effect (excitatory, inhibitory), (4) morphology: simple, composed

21. Axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, axo-axonic, dendro-dendritic szinapses

22. Electrical and chemical synapses bidirectional

23. Electrical synapses Connexon-6 connexin Synaptic cleft: 2 nm Exchange of ions, small molecules Bidirectional connection Sensory cortex, cerebellar cortex, retina, bulbus olfactorius

24. Chemical syanpses Composition: presynaptic element (axon terminal) • vesicles containing neurotransmitter, • presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft Postsynaptic element (soma, dendrite) Postsynaptic membrane specialization with receptors Synaptic cleft: 20 nm Unidirectional connection

25. Inhibitory or excitatory synapses

26. Simple or composed synapses Simple glomerulus (composed) thalamus, spinal cord

27. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk

28. Classification of sensation Special Special sense organ Vision, hearing, balance, sense of smell or taste General/Somatic No special sense organs touch, thermal, pain (nociception), movement mozgás Somatic sensation Exteroceptor: information from the outside world Proprioceptor: information about the skeleto-muscular system, deep tissues Interoceptor: information about the state of the internal organs Sherrington (1906)

29. Sensation - Perception - Response Central Nervous System somatosensory afferents viscerosensory afferents visceromotor efferents somatomotor efferents receptor effector stimulus skin, muscle tendon (outside world) viscera glands, smooth muscles striated muscles

30. Receptor molecules proteins small molecules light ions Receptors – special protein complexes Location: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus Activation: binding of specific molekules (ligands) or direct energy (heat) Consequences: ion movement and/or activation of second messanger systems resulting in specific cell response. stimulus → receptor activation (transduction) → (nerve)impulse

31. Secondary sensory epithelium Receptor cell Primary sensory epithelium Olfactory epithelium Hair cells Taste bud

32. Sensory receptors

33. Free nerve ending Thin myelinated (Aδ) or unmyelinated (C)afferent nerve endings containing complex receptor molecules. It can be thermo-, cold receptor or nociceptor (responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli)

34. Nociceptors Polimodal nociceptor Stimuli: mechanical, heat, chemical Mechano-cold nociceptor Stimuli: mechanical, cold Insensitive to mechanical stimuli Michael S. Gold & Gerald F Gebhart (2010) Nature Medicine, 16: 1248-1257

35. Mechanoreceptors of the skin Merkel Meissner Vater-Pacini Ruffini

36. Tactile (Merkel) Cell Mechanoreceptorcellsthatareactivatedby (light) pressure. Theyarelocatedinthestr. basaleof theepitheliumcontaining keratin and fewmelanosome. Basolateralsurface of thecellscontacttheterminaldiscsofsensoryfibers(Aβ).

37. Tactile (Meissner) - Corpuscle Mechanoreceptorthat is activatedbylightpressure (touch). It is an ellipsoidshapestructureenclosedby a connectivetissuecapsule (40x100 μm). MC is locatedinthedermalpapillae. Itconsists of 5-10 of flattened layers of cells, each with an elongated nucleus. The (Aβ) nerve endingloosingitsmyelinsheathis coiled among these cells.

38. Ruffini Corpuscle Ruffini’s present to Sherringtonnak Oxford University It is encapsulated cilindrical structure. The RC is a tension (mechano) receptor. The structure is very similar to the Golgi tendon.

39. Vater-Pacini corpuscle It is an encapsulated mechanoreceptor that is activated by course or sustained touch and vibration. It consists of connective tissue capsule with elastic fibres, outer lamellar and inner cylindrical structure. Lamellae: perineural cells (50-60 layers) and gel. Inner cylinder: unmyelinated nerve ending surrounded by circularly arranged Schwann cell layers and fluid. Location: dermis, joints, tendons

40. Vater-Pacini corpuscle

41. Krause - corpuscle Encapsulated mechanoreceptor. It is activated by tension. (Location: lips, tongue and genitals (erogen zone).

42. Muscle spindle (stretch receptor) Detects changes in the length of the muscle → regulation of the contraction of the muscle (stretch reflex)

43. Muscle spindle

44. Golgi tendon organDetects the changes in muscle tension

45. Effectors Smooth muscle Striated muscle Glands

46. Nociception

47. Somatosensory system

48. Irodalom: Röhlich Pál: Szövettan. Budapest, 2006 Eric R. Kandel, James H Schwartz and Thomas M Jessel: Principle of neural science, New York, 2000 Anthony L. Mescher: Junqueira’s Basic Histology, New York, 2010 Michael Ross and Lynn J. Romrell: Histology, Baltimore, 1989