HELLO MEDRHUS! WE’RE KAPPA CELL AND WE’RE PRESENTING…

1. HELLO MEDRHUS!WE’RE KAPPA CELLAND WE’RE PRESENTING…

2. KAPPAL CELL PRESENTATION PRECIOUS STONES

4. INTRODUCTION A gemstone, gem or also called precious or semi-precious stone is a extremely striking and valuable piece of mineral, which — when cut and polished — is used in jewelry or other decorations. Gemstones, minerals that are treasured for their beauty and durability. Their value generally depends on four elements: the BEAUTY of the stone itself; its RARITY; its HARDNESS and toughness; and the SKILL with which it has been cut and polished. Stones such as diamonds, rubies, and emeralds represent one of the greatest concentrations of money value. During times of war or economic disturbance many people convert their wealth into precious stones, which are transportable and more easily sold.

5. PROPERTIES • Optical properties • Refractive index (ability to refract light)- Refractometer • Polariscope- used to determine whether a gem is doubly or singly refracting . • Doubly refracting-Emeralds, rubies, sapphires, amethysts, and synthetic rubies and sapphires. • Singly refracting- diamonds, spinels, synthetic spinels, garnets, and glass. • Origin-A special dark-field illuminator with a binocular microscope- used to examine the interior of a gemstone to determine whether it is of natural or artificial origin, and to look for inclusions characteristic of a given gemstone.

6. OTHERS - Dichroism- dichroscope • Specific gravity- weighing balances or liquids • Fire • Display of prismatic colours • Transparency • Diamond is highly prized because of its fire and brilliancy; • Ruby and emerald because of the intensity and beauty of their colors; • Star sapphire and star ruby because of the star effect, known as asterism, as well as for their color.

9. Looks boring, but still precious !- AGATE Sexy, beautiful, breath-taking- AMBER

10. Flawless, shimmering... AVENTURINE BENITOITE - difficult to understand, but still breathtaking though

11. CARNELIAN is the zodiac birthstone of Virgo. It is also one of the precious stones that have been connected with the month August. Emerald is the green range and Aquamarine is the blue range of BERYL

12. Most samples sold to interested collectors have previously been treated, in the form of cultured slabs, so watch it! The word Chrysoprase is erected from the Greek chrysos explained as 'gold' and prason, termed as 'leek'.

13. CORAL has some supernatural influence that can alleviate lunacy and can fend off evil spirits. Careful! you might be deceived by dealers, cause CITRINE is very rare

14. Jade was measured to be a mineral of mental peace, love and concord in Egypt. The precious stone Lolite extracts its name from the Greek derivative "ion" that means "violet".

15. To be dressed in KUNZITE means to be sanctified with excellent riches. Revelations 21:11: "It is shined with the glory of the Lord, and its radiance was reminiscent of that of a very valuable gemstone, like JASPER, that is as clear as crystal."

16. What an implausible blue! LAPIS LAZULI = blue MALACHITE green- for staining M. tuberculosis

17. The name rises from the Greek declaration 'onyx', which spells nail or claw When you think of voclano, think of OBSIDIAN

18. ROSE-QUARTZ is one of the mainly sought-after varieties of quartz Guess what stone’s in your watch- QUARTZ

19. Several celebrated rubies in crown jewels all around the world are actually SPINELS TANZANITE- happens in only one place universally; take a guess?!

21. BIRTHSTONES FOR THE MONTHS

22. JANUARY • January’s birthstone, THE GARNET, receives its name from the latin word GRANATUS which means 'Like a grain‘ • symbolizes a light heart, loyalty and enduring affections. • As with many precious stones, garnets were once believed to hold medicinal powers. In Medieval times, it protected its wearer against poisons, wounds and bad dreams, and cured depression. Red garnets relieved fever, hemorrhages and inflammatory diseases. garnet

23. `FEBRUARY Amethyst is the birthstone associated with February. It is also associated with the astrological signs of Pisces, Aries (especially the violet and purple variety), Aquarius, and Sagittarius. Amethyst

24. `FEBRUARY • Amethyst is the birthstone associated with February. It is also associated with the astrological signs of Pisces, Aries (especially the violet and purple variety), Aquarius, and Sagittarius • The name "amethyst" is derived from the Greek and signifies "not drunken." • Amethyst was considered to be a strong antidote against drunkenness, which is why wine goblets were often carved from it. • It is a symbol of heavenly understanding, and of the pioneer in thought and action on the philosophical, religious, spiritual, and material planes. • Ranking members of the Roman Catholic Church traditionally wear rings set with a large amethyst as part of their office. Amethyst

25. MARCH March has two birthstones – the aquamarine and the bloodstone • AQUAMARINE • The name aquamarine was derived by the Romans, “aqua,” meaning water, and “mare,” meaning sea, because it looked like sea water. • It is also called “poor man’s diamond” • Beginning in the Roman period, the aquamarine was believed to possess medicinal and healing powers, curing ailments of the stomach, liver, jaws, and throat. During the Middle Ages, it was believed to be an effective antidote against poison. • Aquamarines were thought to be the source of power for soothsayers, who called it the “magic mirror,” and used it for telling fortunes and answering questions about the future. It is said that Emperor Nero used it as an eyeglass 2,000 years ago. Much later, aquamarines were used as glasses in Germany to correct shortsightedness. In fact, the German name for eyeglasses today is “brille,” derived from the mineral beryl. AQUAMARINE

26. MARCH 2 March has two birthstones – the aquamarine and the bloodstone • BLOOD STONE • According to legend, bloodstone was believed to have formed during the crucifixion of Christ. A Roman soldier-guard thrust his spear into Christ’s side and drops of blood fell on some pieces of dark green jasper lying at the foot of the cross, and the bloodstone was created • Babylonians used this stone to make seals and amulets, and it was also a favorite with Roman gladiators. • In the Middle Ages, bloodstone was believed to hold healing powers, particularly for stopping nosebleeds. Powdered and mixed with honey and white of egg, it was believed to cure tumors and stop all types of hemorrhage. BLOOD STONE

27. APRIL • April’s birthstone, the diamond, is a symbol of enduring love. • Diamond, composed of carbon, is the hardest natural substance in the earth • Diamonds’ cold, sparkling fire has held us spell-bound for centuries, inspiring rich, passionate myths of romance, intrigue, power, greed, and magic. • Ancient Hindus, finding diamonds washed out of the ground after thunderstorms, believed they were created by bolts of lightning. • In our place and time, the diamond is a symbol of enduring love, and often graces engagement rings. Diamond

28. MAY People in the Middle Ages believed that May’s birthstone, the emerald, held the power to foretell the future. There are many myths associated with the emerald. emerald

29. MAY • The beginning of the word "emerald" is described to be formed from a Sanskrit expression that means "green“ • People in the Middle Ages believed that May’s birthstone, the emerald, held the power to foretell the future. • There are many myths associated with the emerald. The stone was once believed to prevent epilepsy, stop bleeding, cure dysentery and fever, and protect the wearer from panic. • Its magnificent green color was said to rest and relieve the eye. To the ancient Romans, emeralds were dedicated to the goddess Venus because the green emerald symbolized the reproductive forces of nature. Early Christians saw it as a symbol of the resurrection of Christ. In the Middle Ages, emeralds were believed to hold the power to foretell the future. emerald

30. JUNE JUNE has three birthstones – pearl moonstone, and Alexandrite • Unlike most gemstones that are found within the Earth, pearls have an organic origin. They are created inside the shells of certain species of oysters and clams. • Pearls, according to South Asian mythology, were dewdrops from heaven that fell into the sea. They were caught by shellfish under the first rays of the rising sun, during a period of full moon. • In India, warriors encrusted their swords with pearls to symbolize the tears and sorrow that a sword brings. • Pearls were also widely used as medicine in Europe until the 17th century. Arabs and Persians believed it was a cure for various kinds of diseases, including insanity. • Pearls have also been used as medicine as early as 2000 BC in China, where they were believed to represent wealth, power and longevity. Even to this day, lowest-grade pearls are ground for use as medicine in Asia. Pearls

31. JUNE 2 JUNE has three birthstones – pearl moonstone, and Alexandrite • Moonstones are believed to be named for the bluish white spots within them, that when held up to light project a silvery play of color very much like moonlight. • The ancient Romans also believed that the image of Diana, goddess of the moon, was enclosed within the stone. Moonstones were believed to have the power to bring victory, health, and wisdom to those who wore it. • In India, moonstones are also considered as 'dream stones' which fetch the wearer stunning visions at the hours of darkness. • In Arabic countries, women habitually are dressed in moonstones sewn into their clothes, for in their tradition, the moonstone represents productiveness Moonstone

32. JUNE 3 JUNE has three birthstones – pearl moonstone, and Alexandrite • June’s third birthstone is the alexandrite. The stone is precious because it is too unique and unavailable • Alexandrite possesses an enchanting chameleon-like personality. • In daylight, it appears as a beautiful green, sometimes with a bluish cast or a brownish tint. • However, under artificial lighting, the stone turns reddish-violet or violet. The stone is named after Prince Alexander of Russia, who was to become Czar Alexander II in 1855. Because it is a relatively recent discovery, there has been little time for myth and superstition to build around this unusual stone. • In Russia, the stone was also popular because it reflected the Russian national colors, green and red, and was believed to bring good luck. Alexandrite

33. JULY • And red is the color of the ruby, the king of the precious stones. In the captivating world of precious stones, the ruby is the acknowledged ruler. • Ruby is associated with a 40th wedding anniversary. • Rubies were laid beneath the foundation of buildings to secure good fortune to the structure. • In the Middle Ages, rubies were thought to bring good health, as well as guard against wicked thoughts, amorous desires, and disputes. Rubies, along with other types of red stones, were said to cure bleeding. • And it was believed that the ruby held the power to warn its owner of coming misfortunes, illness, or death, by turning darker in color. Ruby

34. AUGUST The first August birthstone is sardonyx. Roman soldiers wore sardonyx talismans engraved with heroes such as Hercules or Mars, god of war. They believed that the stone would make the wearer as brave and daring as the figure carved on it. During the Renaissance, sardonyx was believed to bring eloquence upon the wearer and was regarded with great value by public speakers and orators. Perhaps the most famous sardonyx stone was set in a gold ring, carved with the portrait of Queen Elizabeth I of England SARDONYX

35. AUGUST 2 Some of the finest peridot stones (the second August birthstone) are called “evening emeralds” because they appear greener under artificial light. The peridot was regarded since ancient times as the symbol of the sun. The Greeks believed that it brought royal dignity upon its wearer. During the Middle Ages, peridot was pierced, then strung on the hair of an ass and attached to the left arm to ward off evil spirits. The vibrant green of the peridot, with a minor intimation of gold, is the excellent gemstone color to go with that radiance summer clothing. SARDONYX

36. SEPTEMBER • September’s birthstone, the sapphire, was said to represent the purity of the soul. • The sapphire was said to represent the purity of the soul. Before and during the Middle Ages, it was worn by priests as protection from impure thoughts and temptations of the flesh. Medieval kings of Europe valued these stones for rings and brooches, believing that it protected them from harm and envy. • Warriors presented their young wives with sapphire necklaces so they would remain faithful. It was believed that the stone’s colour would darken if worn by an adulterer or adulteress, or by an unworthy person. • Sapphires were once believed to be protection against snakes. It was said that if poisonous reptiles and spiders were placed in a jar containing the stone, the creatures would immediately die. • The French of the 13th century believed that sapphire transformed stupidity to wisdom, and irritability to good temper. sapphire

37. OCTOBER Opals are famous for their “play of colors” – many stones flash the colors of the rainbow when moved. The name opal is derived from the Sanskrit word “upala,” as well as the Latin “opalus,” meaning “precious stone.” To ancient Romans, the opal was a symbol of love and hope. Orientals called it the “anchor of hope.” Arabs say it fell from the heavens in flashes of lightning. It was believed to make its wearer invisible, hence the opal was the talisman of thieves and spies. During the Medieval period, a change in color intensity of an opal was believed to indicated if its wearer was ill or in good health. The opal was supposed to maintain a strong heart, prevent fainting, protect against infection, and cleanse foul-smelling air. The stone, as in ancient times, was still regarded as a symbol of hope. OPAL

38. OCTOBER 2 The alternate birthstone for October is the tourmaline, a gemstone that exhibits the broadest spectrum of gemstone colors The name of this gemstone is believed to derive from the Singhalese (Sri Lankan) word “toramalli,” a term applied to yellow, green or brown stones, that means “something little out of the earth.” Prehistoric legend reveals that tourmaline is spotted in all colors because it traveled alongside a rainbow and collected all the rainbow's colors Tourmaline is whispered to reinforce the body and strength, specially the nervous system, blood, and lymph's. Tourmaline

39. NOVEMBER • The word ‘topaz,’ birthstone for the month of November, comes from a Sanskrit word meaning “fire.” • And in ancient lore, the topaz could be used to control heat. It was said to have the power to cool boiling water, as well as excessive anger. As medication, topaz was used to cure fever.] • Topaz is the birthstone of the elite born in November (yellow topaz) and December (blue topaz). • During the Medieval Ages topaz was reflected to cure both corporeal and psychological disorders and avert death. • The Greeks supposed it had authority to augment muscle and to make its wearer imperceptible while the Romans supposed it had authority to perk up eyesight. • The Egyptians wear it as a good luck charm to defend them from harm. Topaz

40. DECEMBER • Its name is believed to originate from the French phrase “pierre turquoise” meaning “Turkish stone” because turquoise was brought to Europe by Venetian merchants who first acquired it in Turkish bazaars. • It is also considered by some as a love charm. When received as a gift, the turquoise symbolizes a pledge of affection. • In the Third century, it was believed to protect its owner from falling off a horse. A change in color revealed the infidelity of a wife. • It was said to have a healing effect on the eye-merely looking at it strengthened the eye, while placing it on an inflamed eye brought a cure. • A 15th century philosopher attributed its change of color to its ability to attract poisons. It was a barometer of its user’s health, turning pale in illness and losing color in death, yet regaining its original beauty in the hands of a new and healthy owner. Turquoise

41. DECEMBER • Zircon was regarded as the amulet for travelers in the Eleventh century, protecting them from disease, injury, and insomnia, as well as assuring a cordial welcome wherever their travels would take them. • The gem was also believed to hold magic powers to fight evil spirits. • During the Fourteenth century, zircon was popular as a safeguard against the Black Death, the great plague that wiped out one quarter of the population of Europe. • The stone was believed to possess healing powers. It was prescribed to insomniacs to induce sleep, used as an antidote against poison, and as an aid to digestion. Zircon

43. WHAT STONES ARE THESE MADE OF?