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The Crusades Part II

The Crusades Part II. The 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th Crusades. The Crusader Kingdoms. The Second Crusade 1146. Nuredin had reconquered 2 Christian Kingdoms in the Holy Land (Edessa and Antioch) The Templars were formed in around 1118 to protect the new possessions and escort pilgrims

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The Crusades Part II

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  1. The Crusades Part II The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Crusades

  2. The Crusader Kingdoms

  3. The Second Crusade 1146 • Nuredin had reconquered 2 Christian Kingdoms in the Holy Land (Edessa and Antioch) • The Templars were formed in around 1118 to protect the new possessions and escort pilgrims • Poor planning and disagreements among the leaders led to failure of the crusade

  4. The 3rd Crusade 1189-1192 • Called by Pope Gregory VIII • Rationale: Saladin had recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 after defeating the Christian Army at the Battle of Hattin

  5. The call of the 3rd Crusade • Pope Gregory VIII convinces The HRE Frederick Barbarossa (c. 63 years old) to lead the Crusade • Phillip II Augustus (25) of France and Richard I (32) of England reluctantly agree to join the crusade • Depart in 1189 • All of Western Europe forced to pay the Saladin tax (10%) • Byzantine Emperor so weak he sided with Saladin

  6. Results • Frederick died fording the Saleph river in Asia Minor • Germans embalmed his body and carried it to Antioch in a barrel • Richard captured Tyre, Acre and Jaffa • Richard slaughters 3,000 Muslim prisoners (Acre) • Phillip is disappointed in his lack of spoils and leaves the holy land sick and frustrated • By 1191 the two sides have reached a stalemate • Richard and Saladin reach an agreement • Richard leaves in 1192 and is shipwrecked on the way home. (Ransom)

  7. The 4th Crusade 1201-1204 • Why the new route? • Holy Land and strike at Muslim power in Egypt

  8. The leadership • Theobold of Champagne (most popular) • Boniface of Montferrat • Pope Innocent III • New concept of attacking from Egypt

  9. The deal with Venice • 1201 The crusaders struck a deal with the city state of Venice (Doge EnricoDandalo) to carry them to the holy land • Ships and 9 months provisions for 4,500 knights and 29,000 squires and foot soldiers for 85,000 silver pieces • Maybe….a secret agreement to keep the crusade from reaching Egypt (they traded with Muslims there)

  10. Problems • Theobold dies and Boniface is named the Crusade leader • Boniface more interested in Byzantium than Jerusalem • French Knights either chose not to go or left from France on foot • When the crusaders arrive at Venice they only have 10,000 people total (34,000 silver pieces short)

  11. Solution • The Doge of Venice (Enrico Dandalo) offered a solution • The problem with Hungary and the island of Zara (Hungary is Roman Catholic) • Capture Zara and then are excommunicated by the Pope (later lifted)

  12. Constantinople • Issac II Angelus and his son Alexius IV are ruling the Byzantine Empire • They are dethroned and thrown in jail by Issac’s brother Alexius III • Alexius IV escapes to his brother in law Phillip of Swabia • He can’t help but he may have sent him to the Pope, who then sent him to Zara

  13. The 4th Crusade resumes • Alexius IV tries to convince the crusaders to help restore him to the throne of Byzantium • Also promised 10,000 soldiers for the crusade, money for the Venetians, and to re-unite the Churches • He also promised to help pay the Venetians the money they were owed • Hatred and jealousy of the Byzantines may have fueled the attack as well

  14. The Crusade in Byzantium 1203 • After the first attack Alexius III flees • Issac II and Alexius IV are restored • However…the people of Constantinople killed them • Alexius V Ducas Murzuphulus is placed on the throne • On April 13th 1204 the crusaders conquered the city (Alexius V fled)

  15. Results of the Crusades • More contact with the East (better culture) • More trade made Italian city states very wealthy (the Renaissance) • advances in military tactics, castle building • Many powerful lords left Western Europe, opened the door for Kings to consolidate power • Strong nation states • Expansion East stopped (forced to look West) • Age of exploration • Popes gained political influence (maybe too much?) • Perhaps perceived as too worldly? (may have led to shift of State over Church)

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