Chapter 33 – Restructuring the Postwar World

1. Chapter 33 – Restructuring the Postwar World 1945 – Present Sections 1, 2, 3, 5

2. Section 1 – Cold War: Superpowers Face Off

3. Allies Become Enemies • US/USSR tension had begun before WWIIhad ended • Nonaggressionpact • Militarystrategy (USSR wanted more support) • Tehran Conference (1943) • The Soviets had also lost 50 times more people as result of WWII

4. Yalta and Potsdam • Yalta – Feb 1945– The Allies meet to discuss division of Germanyinto occupied zones • Soviets promise electionsin the East • Potsdam– after V-E Day – Allies meet again to discuss plan for post-war Europe • Tension is apparent in all three meetings

5. United Nations • June 1945, the Allies set aside differences to create the United Nations • The Big 5 had vetopower (Brit, Fra, China, US, USSR)

6. The Iron Curtain • The Soviets, having a long history of defeats, wanted a better buffer zone • They will use EasternEurope to create that buffer • Created “friendly” governments in the countries they had pushed the Nazis out of • The term “iron curtain” was used to describe the drastic differences between Western influenced (capitalist) countries and Soviet influenced (Communist) in Eastern Europe

7. Video: The Iron Curtain • The first time “iron curtain” is used in a speech and the demonization of the Soviet Union post WWII

8. Containment • Both sides believed that the two systems could not exist together (cap vs com) • Pres. Truman adopted a policy of actively preventing Soviet influence in foreign countries • Offered support to countries that rejected Communism (Truman Doctrine)

9. Marshall Plan • To aid the hurting Western European countries recovery, Sec. of State George Marshall created a plan to provide resources • It convinced many nations to turn away from Communism • Nowhere was the approach to recovery more apparent than with the Berlin Airlift • Soviets blockaded West Berlin, so we flew supplies in for 11 months

10. Alliances Form • The Cold War began in 1949, when the US and the Soviets began devoting resources to bring the other country down without actually going to war • Other countries will quickly take sides • The West became NATO (1949) • Eastern Europe formed the Warsaw Pact in response (1955)

11. On the Brink • The US revealed nuclear weapons in 1945. The Soviets tested theirs in 1949 • We announced our willingness to go to warif the Soviets attacked any U.S. interests (brinkmanship) • This required a massive buildupof weaponrythat the Soviets will match

12. Ch. 33– Warm-up #1 (33.1) • Which nations were “behind the iron curtain”? • What US policy dictated that we support any country that rejected communism? • What was the alliance created by the European Communist nations in response to NATO? • Who could get aid through the Marshall Plan? • Soviet Union and its satellites • Truman Doctrine • Warsaw Pact • Any country that needed it

13. Communists Take Power in China Chapter 33 – Section 2

14. Communists vs. Nationalists • While fighting the Japanese during WWII, the Communistsin China grew stronger • Mao Zedongcontrolled northern China by winning the loyalty of peasants • Once WWII was over, the civil war continued between the Communists and Nationalists • Despite having a larger armyand more money, the nationalists lacked the support of the people • By 1949, China was under the control of the communists • Greatly increased American fears of Communism Feb, 1949

15. Two Chinas • The nationalists had fled to Taiwanand claimed to be in control • The world divides on recognition of two Chinas • China will grow stronger and begin expanding under Mao Zedong with the Sovietsas their closest ally.

16. Transforming China • Mao used Marxist socialism to reshape China • Agrarian ReformLaw (1950) redistributedland to the poor • Eventually forced to join into collectives • Nationalizedmany of the most important industries and began implementing five-yearplans

17. Great Leap Forward • After his first five-year plan proved successful, Mao sought to do even more • In 1958, he announced his “Great Leap Forward” • Larger collective farms(communes) – up to 25,000 • Poor planningand inefficienciesled to its collapse in 1961after 20 million people starved to death Theory Reality

18. New Policies • By the late 1950s, China and the Sovietsrelationship began to tense. Each wanted to lead the world • Mao had the government take a step backand allow for privatization

19. Cultural Revolution • To revive the spirit of revolution, Mao targeted students, encouraging them to lead their own • Studentsdropped out of school to form militias known as the Red Guards • They led a massive revolution with the goal of social equality • Celebrate peasants/workers, ostracize intellectuals • Eventually the government had to tell the Guards to stop because the chaoswas hurting the economy

20. AND NOW: • Finish the Ch. 33 Vocab • I will be checking them when there is 10 minutes left in class. If they aren’t complete, the Quizlet answers will not be posted. • Continue working on Cold War Projects • Continue to take the USA TestPreps • Last “Warring Worlds” Quiz due: THIS WEEKEND!!! YAY!

21. Ch. 33– Warm-up #2 (33.2) • What 2 groups fought each other in the Chinese civil war? • Who become “heroes” during the Cultural Revolution in China? • Which leader won the Chinese civil war? What was his economic philosophy? • Nationalists and Communists • Workers/peasants • Mao Zedong • Communism

22. Wars in Korea and Vietnam Chapter 33 – Section 3

23. A Divided Korea • Korea became independentafter WWII but was split at the 38thparallel • North - Japan surrendered to the Soviets • South – Japan surrendered to the US • Same result as the post-war Germany

24. War Breaks Out • Both nations had mostly withdrawn by 1949 • The Soviets funneled weapons to the Northso they could capture the South • Invasion started June 25, 1950(surprise attack) • Under the leadership of General MacArthur, the UNintervened on behalf of S. Korea • Successfully pushed the North Koreans back after near collapse

25. Continuation and Aftermath • As the UN approached the Chineseborder, the Chineseentered the fighting, pushing the UN forces back south • By 1953, everyone was back to the “starting line” and an armisticewas signed • US aid to S. Korea has made them prosperous while the North has fallen to a series of dictators

26. War Vietnam Breaks Out • Ho Chi Minhsought independence for Vietnam • Since Francecontrolled it, he turned to the Communistsfor support • Since Japantook control during WWII, Ho Chi Minhthought independence would follow their defeat. • Francedisagreed • France surrendered in 1954, but the USintervened

27. A Divided Vietnam • The domino theorythreat of communism, where 1 collapse would lead to many more, forced the US to support Ngo Dinh Diem, the anti-communist leader of SouthVietnam • He was an unpopular dictator which led to the rise of the Vietcong (pro-communist guerilla fighters in S. Vietnam) – ADD TO NOTES

28. US Intervention • Fearing communistvictory, the US increasedits involvement significantly from 1960 to 1968 • Despite having a superior military, there were 2 major challenges for the US • Guerillawar in unfamiliarterritory • The SouthVietnamese government had very little supportfrom its own people

29. Withdrawal • The unpopularity of the war led to President Nixon’s Vietnamization • Beginning in 1969, the US would slowly withdraw troops • Last troops were out by 1973 • S. Vietnam was overrun 2 years later

30. Ch. 33– Warm-up #3 (33.3) • Why did the Chinese get involved in the Korean War? • What theory was used to justify US foreign policy in SE Asia during the Cold War? • Who were the Vietcong? • UN troops were approaching the Chinese border • Domino theory • Pro-communist S. Vietnamese

31. The Cold War Thaws Chapter 33 – Section 5

32. The USSR After Stalin • Moderateleaders will replace the ultra-conservative Stalin (1953) • Soviet satellites(countries they had dominated post-WWII) became more autonomousin the 50s and 60s • Led to growing unrestwithin the satellites

33. Nikita Khrushchev • Replaced Stalin in 1953 • Began destalinization– denounced Stalin’s policies of jailing and killing opposition • While life became more liberal for Sovietscitizens, life in the satellites remained oppressive • Demonstrations/Protests were put down violently

34. Leonid Brezhnev • Khrushchevwas thought weak after the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. • Brezhnev will replace him • Went back to an oppressiveregime, limiting human rights (speechand worship), censored the press • Implemented the BrezhnevDoctrine • Gave the USSR the right to intervenein a country that abandoned Communistprinciples

35. Chinese-Soviet Split • Mao and Stalin had signed a 30year pact in 1950 • It did not last that long • China became more independentin decision making • Frustration increased over the USSR’srefusal to share nuclear secrets and ending economic aid

36. Détente • Brinkmanshiphad continuously escalated in the 50’s and 60’s, coming extremely close to nuclear war in 1962 (Cuban Missile Crisis) • With the protests that came with Vietnam, Nixonfelt a need to end the internal crisis in America • He sought to lessen the tension with the USSR (détente)

37. Détente Spreads • Nixon will become the first president to visit Chinasince the Cold War began • In 1972, he met with Brezhnevand signed the SALTI Treaty • Limited the number of nuclear weapons each country could have • In 1975, with the US and USSR leading the way, 33 nations will sign a commitmentto cooperation

38. Détente Collapses • Sovietaggression in the late 1970s led to mistrust by the US Government • Pres. Reaganwill be elected in large part because of his anti-communistattitude • Resumed heavy spendingon defense(“Star Wars”) • A new Sovietleader would be needed to return to détente.