ECOLOGY

1. ECOLOGY

2. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Sharing the World • What affects the environment also affects you. • Understanding what affects the environment is important because it is where you live.

3. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 What is ecology? • The branch of biology that developed from natural history is called ecology. • Ecologyis the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.

4. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 The nonliving environment: Abiotic factors • The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment are theabiotic factors. • Examples of abiotic factors include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.

5. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 The nonliving environment: Abiotic factors • This graph shows how the plant’s glucose (food) production is affected by temperature. Food Production in Salt Bush 15 10 Food production (mg of glucose/hr) 5 40 30 50 20 10 Temperature (°C)

6. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 The living environment: Biotic factors • A key consideration of ecology is that living organisms affect other living organisms. • All the living organisms that inhabit an environment are called biotic factors. • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction or protection.

7. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Organism • An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops.

8. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 • A population is a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time.

9. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 • A biological community is made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time.

10. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Ecosystem • Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area and with the abiotic components of that area.

11. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 The Biosphere • The biosphere is the portion of Earth that supports living things. • It extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the oceans.

12. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems Table 2.1 Examples of Ecosystems • Terrestial ecosystems are those located on land. Aquatic Ecosystems Other Sites for Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems • Human body • Skin • Intestine • Mouth • Buildings • Mold in walls, floors, or basement • Ventilation systems • Bathrooms • Food • Any moldy food • Refrigerator • Freshwater • Pond • Lake • Stream • Estuary • Salt water (marine) • Ocean • Estuary • Aquarium • Forest • Old farm field • Meadow • Yard • Garden plot • Empty lot • Compost heap • Volcano site • Rotting log • Aquatic ecosystems occur in both fresh- and saltwater forms.

13. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Organisms in Ecosystems • A habitat is the place where an organism lives out its life.

14. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Organisms in Ecosystems • Habitats can change, and even disappear. Habitats can change due to both natural and human causes.

15. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Niche • Although several species may share a habitat, the food, shelter, and other essential resources of that habitat are often used in different ways. • A niche is the role or position a species has in its environment—how it meets its specific needs for food and shelter, how and where it survives, and where it reproduces in its environment.

16. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Niche • A species’ niche, therefore, includes all its interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of its habitat. • It is thought that two species can’t exist for long in the same community if their niches are the same.

17. HABITAT OR NICHE ???

26. P. means Parmecium which is a one-celled protist that lives in ponds and other freshwater bodies of water.

27. Graphs showing competition between two species of Paramecium. Since each population alone prospers (FIRST two graphs), when they are in a competition situation one species will win, the other will lose (THIS graph). Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission..

28. It is thought that two species can’t exist for long in the same community if their niches are the same. One will compete better than the other and survive.

29. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Symbiosis • The relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species is called symbiosis. • Symbiosis means living together. Three kinds of symbiosis are recognized: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

30. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 • A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is called mutualism.

31. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 • Commensalismis a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.

33. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Parasitism • Some interactions are harmful to one species, yet beneficial to another. • A symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species derives benefit at the expense of another species (the host) is called parasitism.

34. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Parasitism • Parasites have evolved in such a way that they harm, but usually do not kill the host species.

36. Are these two playing? If not, then what type relationship is this ??? Is it a relationship???