Written by: Kelley Stewart McConathy

1. Written by: Kelley Stewart McConathy

2. What Is Romanticism? • Use creative imagination • Focus on nature • Importance of myth and symbolism • Focus on feelings and intuition • Freedom and spontaneity • Simple language • Personal experience, democracy and liberty • Fascination with past

3. Trends • Changing political and social conditions • Reaction against Industrial Revolution • Revolt against Enlightenment and literary styles • Working long hours in dangerous factories • Development of modern cities

4. Trends • Interest in chaos and nature • Changing religious views • Rebellion against authority • Crime, madness, suicide

5. Revolt Against Neoclassicism • Romantic Trends • Stressed imagination and emotion • Valued individuals • Strove for freedom • Represented common people • Interested in supernatural • Neoclassic Trends • Stressed reason and judgment • Valued society • Followed authority • Maintained the aristocracy • Interested in science and technology

6. Art Reconceived • John Constable: British landscape artist • George Walker: English painter • Joseph Mallord William Turner: English watercolorist Constable Turner

7. Art Plumbs Emotional Depths • Théodore Géricault: French painter • Eugène Delacroix: French painter • William Blake: poet, painter, engraver, illustrator

8. Musical Innovations • Conveys freedom and individuality • New ways of producing musical instruments • Emotionally charged music popular

9. Music Greats • Ludwig van Beethoven • Frederic Chopin • Carl Maria von Weber Chopin Von Weber Beethoven

10. Philosophers’ Views • Philosophers valued: • Art • The self • Creativity • Imagination • Jean Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant: examples of such philosophers Rousseau

11. Philosophers’ Views Widen • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Von Schelling • Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling Von Goethe

12. Blake Shelley Keats Coleridge Wordsworth Poets of the Romantic Era • William Blake • William Wordsworth • Samuel Taylor Coleridge • George Gordon, Lord Byron • John Keats • Percy Bysshe Shelley Byron

13. Blake Coleridge Thoughts of British Romantic Poets “…I will not reason and compare: my business is to create.” William Blake “ Come forth into the light of things, Let Nature be your teacher.” William Wordsworth “Examine nature accurately, but write from recollection, and trust more to the imagination than the memory.” Samuel Taylor Coleridge

14. Thoughts of British Romantic Poets “Those who will not reason, are bigots, those who cannot, are fools, and those who dare not, are slaves.” George Gordon, Lord Byron “What the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth.” John Keats “Poetry lifts the veil from the hidden beauty of the world, and makes familiar objects be as if they were not familiar.” Percy Bysshe Shelley

15. William Blake 1757-1827 • Visions of ghostly and angelic figures • Possessed mystic “gift of vision” • Born in London November 28, 1757 • Educated at home by mother • Enrolled in drawing school at age ten

16. Blake’s Education & Marriage • Apprenticed to engraver at 14 • Completed apprenticeship at 21 • Journeyman copy engraver for London publishers • Admitted to the Royal Academy of Art’s Schools of Design • Married Catherine Boucher

17. Blake Video single click screen to view video

18. Blake Unappreciated • Lived in poverty • Moved to Felpham, Sussex • Accused of assault and sedition • Final projects included illustrations and/or watercolors for others’ writings

19. Blake’s Death • Suffered from unknown sickness • Experienced stomach pain and chills • Died on August 12th, 1827 • Buried in unmarked grave

20. Blake’s Works • Songs of Innocence • Songs of Experience • Poetical Sketches • The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

21. “The Lamb” and “The Tyger” • Most popular poem: “The Tyger” • “Did he who made the Lamb make thee?” • “What immortal hand or eye,/Dare frame thy fearful symmetry” • Companion poem to “The Lamb” • “Little Lamb, who made thee?/Dost thou know who made thee?” single click speaker to hear audio clip >>>>

22. William Wordsworth 1770-1850 • Born in Cockermouth, Cumberland, England • Mother died 1778 • Attended St. John’s College, Cambridge • Had affair with Annette Vallon • “Vaudracour and Julia” for lover and daughter

23. Losses and Triumphs • Married Mary Hutchinson • Five children • Lived with sister Dorothy • Brother John died at sea • Lost friendship with Coleridge • Two children died • Granted honorary Doctor of Civil Law degrees

24. Wordsworth in Despair • Named Poet Laureate • Death of third child, Dora • Stopped writing poetry • Abandoned Romantic beliefs • Died in 1850 at Rydal Mount • Buried at St. Oswald’s Church, Grasmere

25. Wordsworth’s Works • Lyrical Ballads “Tintern Abbey” • Wordsworth used “real language of men” • Definition of poetry: “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility” • An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches

26. An Evening Walk Video single click screen to view video

27. Works and Themes • Recurring themes in Wordsworth’s poetry • The Prelude • Poems in Two Volumes • The Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey

28. Tintern Abbey Five years have passed; five summers, with the lengthOf five long winters! and again I hearThese waters, rolling from their mountainspringsWith a soft inland murmur. Once againDo I behold these steep and lofty cliffs,Which on a wild secluded scene impressThoughts of more deep seclusion; and connectThe landscape with the quiet of the sky.

29. Samuel Coleridge 1772-1834 • Born October 21, 1772 • Father was a parish vicar • Sent to London boarding school • Not allowed to return home for holidays • Attended Jesus College at University of Cambridge • Won Browne Gold Medal for ode

30. Coleridge’s Errors • Left college to join 15th Light Dragoons • Reenrolled in college • Left without degree • Joined poet Robert Southey to build a Pantisocracy • Married Sarah Fricker • Unitarian minister

31. Opium, Travel & Transcendentalism • Friends with William Wordsworth • Started taking opium • Granted annuity of 150 pounds to write • Traveled to Germany with Wordsworth • In Germany: Coleridge studied German and Transcendentalism

32. Coleridge • Opium addiction • Lost friendship with Wordsworth • Lived with a apothecary for care • Died of heart failure

33. Coleridge’s Works • First publication: Poems on Various Subjects • Published Lyrical Ballads • Most famous works • “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” • “Kubla Khan” • Biographia Literaria

34. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Day after day, day after day, We stuck nor breath nor motion: As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean. Water, water, every where,And all the boards did shrink;Water, water, every where,Nor any drop to drink. The very deep did rot: O Christ!That ever this should be!Yea, slimy things did crawl with legsUpon the slimy sea. single click speaker to hear audio clip >>>>

35. George Gordon, Lord Byron 1788-1824 • Parents separated before his birth • Born in London • Named George Gordon Noel Byron • Born with club foot • Moved to Aberdeen, Scotland • Inherited family title at ten

36. Byron’s Early Years • Attended Aberdeen Grammar School, Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge • Kept a pet bear at Trinity College • Fell in love with choirboy John Edleston • John Edleston died • Byron wrote a series of elegies

37. Byron’s Exploits • Traveled on customary Grand Tour • Made speech at House of Lords • Defended Roman Catholicism • Bragged about sex with women in Italy • Rumored incestuous relationship with sister

38. Byron’s Exploits • Married Anne Isabella Milbanke • Divorced Anne • Left England forever • Befriended Percy Bysshe Shelley • Created child in affair • Seduced Italian Countess Guiccioli • Gave 4,000 pounds to refit Greek fleet

39. Byron’s Death • Fell ill; remedy of bleeding caused fever • Greek national hero • Heart buried under tree • Westminster Abbey refused body • Monument in Westminster Abbey 145 years post-mortem

40. Byron’s Works • “Epigraph to a Dog” • Byron’s masterpiece: Don Juan • “She Walks in Beauty” • “Darkness” • Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

41. She Walks in Beauty She walks in beauty like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. single click speaker to hear audio clip >>>>

42. John Keats 1795-1821 • Born in London • Four siblings • Keats’ father died • Mother remarried two months later • Children sent to live with grandmother • Mother died of tuberculosis

43. Keats’ Medical Career • Apprenticed to apothecary/surgeon • Student at Guy’s Hospital • Wrote first poem • Became junior house surgeon and dresser • Qualified as apothecary • Quit medicine

44. Keats’ Video single click screen to view video

45. Writing, Relationships & Illness • Published Poems • Friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley • Brother George left for America • Brother Tom died of consumption • Fell in love with Fanny Brawne • Symptoms of tuberculosis • Traveled to warmer climate to recover

46. Keats’ Death • Died in Rome at 25 • Buried in Protestant Cemetery in Rome • Tombstone reads: “Here lies one whose name was writ in water.” • Fanny Brawne mourning for years • Poetic career lasted 3.5 years

47. Keats’ Works • Endymion • Hyperion • “Ode on a Grecian Urn” • “Ode to the Nightingale” • “Ode to Autumn” • “The Eve of St. Agnes”

48. Ode to the Nightingale My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk; Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thine happiness— That thou, light-wingèd Dryad of the trees, In some melodious plot Of beechen green, and shadows numberless, Singest of summer in full-throated ease. single click speaker to hear audio clip >>>>

49. Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822 • Born near Horsham in Sussex, England • Tutored at home • Attended Sion House Academy of Brentford • Educated at Eton College and University College at Oxford • First publication: Zastrozzi

50. Shelley Video single click screen to view video