Deep Thought

1. Deep Thought • How many times have you and your family moved? • Be ready to share 

2. Why is migration part of geography? • It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures • It has contributed to the diffusion of culturesby interchange and communication. • It has contributed to the complex mix of people and culturesfound in different regions of the world today..

3. Remember… • With migration, as with everything else, geographers are concerned with WHERE and WHY!

4. Why move? • Most people move for economic reasons. • -better jobs • -better natural resources • -more freedom for economic advancement • -can shift/change • Also Cultural Reasons • -Freedom • -Democracy • -School

5. Why move? • Environmental Factors • Environmentally attractive • Away from dangerous areas • Mountains, seasides, warm climates • Water issues • Forced Migrations • Slaves • Prisoners • Political Refugees • Palestinians • Afghans • Sudan • Columbia

6. Surprising Statistic… • Only 3% of the world’s population currently lives outside of their country of birth.

7. Observations of migration can be summarized into Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration • Most migrants only go a short distance. • 2. Longer distance migration favors big-city destinations. Large cities are migrant magnets. • 3. Most migration proceeds step by step.

8. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration • 4. Most migration is rural to urban. • 5. Each migration flow produces a counter flow. • 6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. • 7. Most international migrants are young males. (This is now changing as women become more educated)

9. >GLOBAL/Transnational Intercontinental Movements: from continent to continent Motivated by better economic conditions changes in life cycles e.g., moving at retirement to a warmer climate, getting married, having children) Migration occurs at different scales.

10. >REGIONAL Intracontinental and Interregional Migrations: between countries and within countries. flight from disastrous environmental or political conditions, e.g. refugees, Hong Kong Chinese moving to avoid China's take over Migration occurs at different scales.

11. International and Interregional Migrations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcoOENLfpUI

12. Migration occurs at different scales.LOCAL > Rural to Urban Migration: from the countryside (rural areas) to cities (urban areas) • Began on a large scale with the Industrial Revolution > • advanced economies of Europe and the United Stateswhen job opportunities opened up in factories in urban areas. • This process is now taking placein the developing economies of the world in South America, Africa, and Asia where industrialization is just now occurring.

13. Migration occurs at different scales. • Local Residential Shifts: • Suburbanization • neighborhood relocations • counterurbanization…

14. US Migration Patterns • http://www.forbes.com/special-report/2011/migration.html

15. Emigrants: People moving out of a country Push Factors Definition: Factors that cause a person to leave an area E X I T

16. _Social Push Factors Famine, disease, violence, war, religious, political, or cultural persecution Examples:

17. Economic Push Factors Scarcity of jobs, economic depression, lack of or poor educational opportunities

18. Environmental Push Factors Environmental Degredation, poor weather conditions that create floods or droughts.

19. Pull Factors Definition: Factors that cause you to move TO a certain area. Often called Immigrants: People moving into a country NTO

20. Political Pull Factors Examples: Perceptions of freedom, security, peace, safety, democracy

21. Economic Pull Factors Adequate jobs, higher wages, better schools

22. Social Pull Factors Improved health conditions, and being with family members

23. Push and Pull Factors • Both factors are affected by place utility, an individual's existing degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a place. • Two other related concepts are distance decay and intervening opportunity. Movers seek to minimize the friction of distance. Migrants tend to choose the closer location if both are equal in other ways. Information about distant areas is less complet

24. Intervening Obstacles • Environmental or Cultural features that hinder migration • Used to be mainly environmental • Example: Europeans migrating to US: Atlantic Ocean was an obstacle. • Now more likely to be governmental policies

25. Each type can then be classified as either conservative or innovative. An innovative move is one in which the migrant undertakes a new way of life. A conservative move preserves an accustomed way of life in new surroundings. 1. Primitive Migration: in response to environmental conditions; usually undertaken by people at low levels of development. 2. Forced Migration: compulsory transfer of a group of people, usually by a government. Migrations can be classified into 5 types.

26. Migrations can be classified into 5 types. • 3. Impelled/Imposed Migration: similar to Forced Migration but it differs in that migrants retain some ability to decide whether to move or not. • 4. Free/Voluntary Migration: individual movements for economic betterment. • 5. Mass Migration: large numbers, entire communities, moving en masse without being fully informed on an individual basis of what to expect.

27. 1. Primitive Migration • Response to Environment • Nomads moving to follow animal herds • Transhumance • Seasonal migration

28. 2. Forced Migration – Basically - leave or dieRelocation of Native AmericansForced migration in Rwanda, Africa

29. 3. Impelled/Imposed Migration • People have some choice, but not much • Mormon Migration from Illinois to Utah

30. 4. Free/Voluntary Migration • Usually done by individuals • Usually prompted by economic decisions • People migrating from Mexico for jobs in the US

31. 5. Mass Migrations • Large communities moving • Don’t necessarily know what to expect • Mormons to Utah • India/Pakistan

32. Barriers to migration • Migration is limited by a knowledge of opportunities in other places, i.e., information. • Migration is limited by costs, both financial and emotional. It is difficult to leave one's home to try a completely new way of life. • Migration is limited by physical features such as wide rivers, high mountains, climate, etc… esp. in developing world…

33. Barriers to migration • Migration is limited by political restrictions, e.g., immigration policies • Migration is limited by personal characteristics, e.g., culture, age, gender, education, and economic status. Well-educated males, between the ages of 18-34 who are affluent are MOST mobile; poorly educated females who are old and poor are the LEAST mobile.

34. Review Time! • What type of migration would the Gold Rush be? • What was an intervening obstacle for Europeans to America? • Why do most people migrate? • Most migrations today are limited by? • Someone migrating from the East Coast to the gold rush would be innovative or conservative? • What did EG Ravenstein do?

35. Immigration Interview Assignment • Due Tuesday, Oct 16th • Find a friend, family member, teacher, neighbor, etc. who has immigrated here from another country • Be prepared to share their story

36. Deep Thought • Do you know your family’s history of migration? • Be ready to share 

37. Net in- vs. Net out- • Net in-migration: • If the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, the net migration is positive

38. Net in- vs. Net out- • Net out-migration • If the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, the net migration is negative

39. Global Patterns • Asia, Latin America, Africa • Net out-migration • From less developed to more developed

40. Wilber Zelinsky • Noticed patterns between DTM and Migration • Stage 1: Rarely migrate far, but lots of primitive local migration • Stage 2: Intercontinental migration to relieve pop. pressures • Stage 3 and 4: Internal Migration: Rural to Urban or Urban to Suburban

41. IMMIGRATION TO THE USA the 1st wave – North and West Europe > 90% of immigrants between 1607 and 1840 were from Great Britain • 1840’s to 1850’s immigrants came from North and Western Europe • The industrial revolution had sent them into stage 2 of the DTM, jobs were available in the US. Germany has sent the most European immigrants to the USA

42. IMMIGRATION TO THE USA > the 2nd Peak • Immigration declined during the Civil War – too busy fighting w/each other… • 1870’s to 1890’s – most from Germany & Scandinavian countries

43. 3. Third Peak >E Europe/Latin America/Asia • A. 1890’s to 1914 – most immigrants were from Russian, southern and eastern Europe. (this coincided with the diffusion of the Ind. Revolution) • B. 1914 – World War I –ended large scale migration for the time being • Post WWII, Migration to US slows down due to Great Depression • C. Migration from Asia, Latin America increased in 20th century. • Mexican immigration has now surpassed German # • (Dom Rep and El Salvador Are 2 and 3 from L. Am…)

44. Asia and Latin America • Asia • 1800s- 1900s China, Turkey, Japan • Last 25 years- Major increase • Today: China, India, Vietnam, Philippines • Mainly Chain Migration • Latin America • 1820-Today • 1990’s = Peak • Mexico has passed Germany for sending the most immigrants • Mainly economic reasons

45. Europe’s Legacy • As Europe moved into Stage 2 population grew • Consolidation of farmland • US was a safety valve for Europe’s population • As Europe moved into Stage 4, less emigration • Wilbur Zelinsky’s pattern

46. Europe’s Legacy • Diffusion of culture • Languages • Religion • Political/Economic Structures • Spread of conflict • Extraction of resources • Imposing cultural values on indigenous populations • Lasting effects of conflicts…Africa

47. Undocumented Immigration • Impossible to know how many • Immigration quotas • Mainly due to desire to work, but do not have government permission • Half enter legally as students or tourists but overstay visas • Border Difficulties • Controversy of undocumented migration

48. Where to?...Proximity • 4States-California, Texas, Florida, New York • Mexico=CA, TX, FL • Caribbean= NY, FL • China/India= NY, CA • Asia=CA

49. Chain migration • Poland=Illinois • Iran=California • People settle where other people from their same country as settled. Also known as Founder Effect.

50. Review • During what Stage of the DTM do countries experience net out migration? • Most immigration to US in the 1700 and 1800s was from what part of Europe? • Most modern Asian migration is what kind of migration? • Where is most net out migration coming from today? • What is it called if the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants?