States of consciousness Prof. dr. Anton M.L. Coenen NICI – Department of Biological Psychology

1. States of consciousness Prof. dr. Anton M.L. Coenen NICI – Department of Biological Psychology Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands a.coenen@nici.ru.nl

2. States of consciousness • Lecture 4. Psychoactive drugs modulating consciousness

3. PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND CONSCIOUSNESS THREE MAIN GROUPS OF DRUGS MODULATE CONSCIOUSNESS CENTRAL STIMULANTS AMPHETAMINES – COCAINE – CAFFEINE - NICOTINE HYPNOTICS – SEDATIVES – ANXIOLYTICS BARBITURATES – BENZODIAZEPINES PSYCHODELICS (MIND-ALTERING DRUGS) ALCOHOL - MESCALINE – LSD – PSYLOCYBINE – OPIATES

4. + - + - + - + BALANCE BETWEEN EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY SYSTEMS

7. HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES BARBITURATESSince 1903 Fischer and von Mering - efficient drugs - high toxicity - modulate chloride channels BENZODIAZEPINESSince1960 Sternbach – safe and efficient – modulate GABA-system

8. HYPNOS

10. EFFECT DEATH COMA ANESTHESIA SLEEP BARBITURATEN BENZODIAZEPINES DOSE

13. Leo Sternbach (1908)

14. The valium structure

18. EEFFECTS OF BENZODIAZEPINES ·SEDATIVE / HYPNOTIC ·ANXIOLYTIC ·MUSCLE RELAXANT ·ANTI-CONVULSIVE ·AMNESTIC ·EEG-CHANGES ·TOLERANCE ·DEPENDENCY

27. The AIM model may be used to think about the state of the brain in conditions other than sleep. For example, when all three state values fall and the AIM points move to the left lower front corner, the result is coma. Hallucination would be the effect when the internal stimulus strength increases during waking, and AIM moves to the right upper front corner. AIM moves to the left upper rear corner when external stimulus strength is increased, as in electroshock therapy. Whether or not these assumptions are correct can now be tested experimentally.

32. Natives of Amazon prepare a brew of ‘ayahuasca’ (‘vine of the dead, or souls’). With this tea containing powerful hallucinogenic alkoloids, interior sounds are commonly heard, often triggering spontaneous vocalisations.

34. ALCOHOL

35. Alcohol • invades all parts of the body (molecules are small and soluble in both fat and water) • inhibits the flow of sodium across the membranes • expands the surface of membranes • facilitates response by the GABAA receptor • blocks glutamate receptors • increases dopaminergic activity

36. NICOTINE

37. Nicotine binds to a nicotinic receptor, one of the two subtypes of acetylcholine receptors. • When nicotine binds to a nicotinic receptor, it opens Na+-channels, allowing sodium to flow into the cell. • This depolarises the cell membrane leading to a fast excitation.

38. MARIJUANA

41. COCAINE

42. Central effects Cocaine Cocaine Dopamine

43. When Coca-Cola was first produced, there was a clear reason why it relieved fatigue: It contained cocaine.

49. HEROIN AND MORPHINE

50. Opiates: narcotic analgesics • Pain relief • Sedation • Euphoria • Miosis • Impaired peristalsis • Respiratory depression • Inhibition cough reflex a- Opium anta- Naloxon Morphine Heroine Methadon ……