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ADJECTIVES AND THE AP

ADJECTIVES AND THE AP. PRACTICE CLASS # 2 (#3) 2012-03-06. TWO EXERCISES THAT WE WERE SUPPOSED TO DO LAST WEEK…. …BUT WE WERE NOT FAST ENOUGH :(. PAGE 105 – exercise 6. a responsible girl / the person responsible. …the students present…/ …those absent….

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ADJECTIVES AND THE AP

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  1. ADJECTIVES AND THE AP PRACTICE CLASS #2 (#3) 2012-03-06

  2. TWO EXERCISES THAT WE WERE SUPPOSED TO DO LAST WEEK…

  3. …BUT WE WERE NOT FAST ENOUGH :(

  4. PAGE 105 – exercise 6 a responsible girl / the person responsible …the students present…/ …those absent…. her late husband / …wasn’t conscious… / conscious effort …all the people involved…/ involved inquiry

  5. PAGE 105 – exercise 7 Is this an easy camera to use? His was too strong an argument to be expressed in public. It is big enough a house for two families to live in. I need as big a table as possible.

  6. NOW SOMETHING THAT WAS ACTUALLY PLANNED FOR TODAY…

  7. Fascinated with her inner beauty, he sat in silent admiration and ... • Uneasy, he just sat and waited to receive an email. • When nervous, count to ten. When really nervous, count to twenty. • Magnificent! • How nice of you! • WHAT ARE THESE STRUCTURES? • HOW SHOULD WE CLASSIFY THEM?

  8. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (pg. 96)

  9. PAGE 106 – exercise 10 Eager to start the climb, the students rose at first light. When not used to the climate, dress sensibly. Excited, they shouted loud. If possible, try to work out every day.

  10. INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT • inherent, adj. =a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it • Not all adjectives characterize the referent of the noun directly: • an old friend≠my friend is old • Here “old” refers to the friendship and it does not characterize the person. • Adjectives that characterize the referent of the noun directly are called INHERENT, and those that do not are called NON-INHERENT.

  11. Who/what can be INHERENTLY happy? happy girl happy rock

  12. Who/what can be INHERENTLY hard? hard Rock hard rock

  13. Who/what can be INHERENTLY wooden? wooden table wooden Nichols Cage

  14. PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (a,b,c,d) NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT NI I NI NI NI NI NI I

  15. PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (e,f,g,h) NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT I NI NI NI I

  16. PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (i,j) NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT NI I

  17. SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 96) i.e. THEIR SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR This classification is based on syntactic functions which adjectives can perform. Adjectives that can have BOTHattributive and predicative function are called CENTRAL. E.g. a happy girl vs. The girl is happy. / He made her happy. Adjectives that have EITHER attributive or predicative function are called PERIPHERAL. E.g. an utter fool vs. *The fool is utter.

  18. PERIPHERAL As: ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY • Adjectives that are attributive only are adjectives usually CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS. • INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES • RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES • ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS • DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES

  19. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As • There are adjectives that have a hightening effect on the noun they modify, or the reverse, lowering effect. Such adjectives are called INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES. • EMPHASIZERS (sheer madness) • AMPLIFIERS (complete fool) • DOWNTONERS (slight effort) MOST OF THEM ARE USUALLY ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY.

  20. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:DOWNTONERS: ERROR IN THE WORKBOOK • The adjectives that have a lowering effect, i.e. DOWNTONER ADJECTIVESare CENTRAL ADJECTIVES (NOT ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY): • a slighteffort = The effort was slight. • a feeble joke = The joke was feeble.

  21. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:EMPHASIZERS • The adjectives that have a GENERAL HEIGHTENING effect, i.e. EMPHASIZER ADJECTIVES are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY: • a clearfailure ≠ The failure was clear. • sheer arrogance ≠ His arrogance was sheer. • plain nonsense ≠ The nonsense was plain. EMPHASIZERS ARE NON-INHERENT.

  22. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:AMPLIFIERS: confusion in the workbook • The adjectives that SCALE THE MEANING UPWARDS FROM AN ASSUMED NORM, i.e. AMPLIFIER ADJECTIVES can be ATTRIBUTVE ONLY OR CENTRAL, depending on whether they are INHERENT OR NON-INHERENT. • a completevictory = The victory was complete. (INHERENT) • acomplete fool ≠ The fool is complete. (NON-INHERENT) • greatdestruction = The destruction was great. (INHERENT) • agreat fool ≠ The fool is great. (NON-INHERENT)

  23. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES • The adjectives that RESTRICT THE REFERENCE OF THE NOUN EXCLUSIVELY, PARTICULARLY OR CHIEFLY, are called. RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES and they are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY: • themainreasin ≠ The reason was main. • a certain person ≠ The person was certain. • the very man ≠ The man was very.

  24. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES • Adjectives that ARE DERIVED FROM ADVERBS OR ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS, i.e. ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY. They are NON-INHERENT. • my formerfriend ≠ My friend is former. (~ formerly my friend) • past students ≠ The students are past. (~students from the past) • the late president ≠ The president is late. SOMETIMESan adjective related to adverbials can be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun which it modifies.

  25. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES • a goodthief ≠ The thief is good. (~ he thieves well) • a goodwriter = The writer is good. • a poorliar ≠ The liar is poor. (~ he lies poorly) • the poorman (who went bankrupt) = The man is poor.

  26. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES • Adjectives that ARE DERIVED FROM NOUNS, i.e. DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY. They are NON-INHERENT. • a criminallawyer ≠ The lawyer is criminal. (~ he specializes in criminal law) • an atomic scientist ≠ The scientis is atomic. (~ he specializes in atomic science) SOMETIMESan adjective related to adverbials can be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun which it modifies.

  27. PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (a, b, c) CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only) PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter PERIPHERAL, attributive only, intensifier/amplifier CENTRAL

  28. PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (d,e,f) CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only) PERIPHERAL, predicative only CENTRAL PERIPHERAL, attributive only, denominal

  29. PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (g,h,i) CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only) CENTRAL PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter PERIPHERAL, attributive only, related to adv.

  30. Now, let’s introduce ADVERBS!

  31. REVIEW: THE ADVERB PHRASE • The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an adverb as its head. • The AdvP can have the following forms: • AdvP = Adv e.g. carefully • AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefully • AdvP = AdvAdv e.g. carefully enough • AdvP = Adv AdvCl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see it fast enough to escape • AdvP = (Adv) Adv PP e.g. (much) better than Bill

  32. PAGE 103 – exercise 1 (d,e,p) ADV HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD PP

  33. TRANSITIONAL EXERCISES From ADJECTIVES to ADVERBS

  34. PAGE 108 – exercise 15

  35. PAGE 107 – exercise 12 – a&b

  36. PAGE 107 – exercise 12 – c&d

  37. PAGE 107 – exercise 12 – e&f

  38. PAGE 108 – exercise 14 FIRST LAST HIGH IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER EARLY LATE IN A MOTHERLY WAY MORE CLEARLY

  39. PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (a,b,c,d) The Stock Exchange reacted quite calmly. These almonds taste bitter. She smiled bitterly. To a European, Chinese sounds strange.

  40. PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (e,f,g,h) You acted in a cowardly way/manner. Her mother had slapped her hard. She walks in an ugly way/manner. The sports committee meets monthly / once a month / on a monthly basis.

  41. PAGE 107 – exercise 11 (i,j,k,l) She glanced at me slyly. The play impressed me considerably. He approaches the subject less scientifically. Bob works much harder than Tom.

  42. NOW JUST ADVERBS!!!

  43. page 109 – exercise 16

  44. THE ADVERB PHRASE • The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an adverb as its head. • The AdvP can have the following forms: • AdvP = Adv e.g. carefully • AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefully • AdvP = AdvAdv e.g. carefully enough • AdvP = Adv AdvCl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see it fast enough to escape • AdvP = (Adv) Adv PP e.g. (much) better than Bill

  45. SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99) ADVERBIAL: He speaks slowly. MODIFIER: extremely slow very slowly rather a mess straight through the wall over ten victims COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION: over here till then from inside

  46. INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS ADVERBIALS INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE Primarily NON-LINKING: Provide speaker’s comment Primarily LINKING: connect sentences ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS I sent Ross a personal invitation. He will therefore be there tomorrow. Ross is behavingnaturally. Naturally, Ross is behaving.

  47. PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k) DISJUNCT Modifier of AdvP /ADJUNCT CONJUNCT Modifier of NP Modifier of PP Modifier of AP ADJUNCT ADJUNCT Modifier of AP Modifier of AP Modifier of NP

  48. PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q) Modifier of PP DISJUNCT ADJUNCT Modifier of AP Modifier of NP Modifier of NP ADJUNCT / Modifier of AP

  49. THE END Actually, to be continued…

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