Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D .

1. TERMINOLOGY IN ANATOMY 12. November2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.

2. 1. TERMINOLOGY IN ANATOMY 2.1. TermsRelatedtoPosItIon 2.2. Terms of Lateralıty 2.3. Terms of Movement 2.4. PosItIons of the body

3. Terminology in anatomy • It is importantformedicalpersonneltohave a soundknowledgeandunderstanding of thebasicanatomicterms. • Theaccurateuse of anatomictermsbymedicalpersonnelenablesthemtocommunicatewiththeircolleaguesbothnationallyandinternationally. • Withoutanatomicterms, onecannotaccuratelydiscussorrecordtheabnormalfunctions of joints, theactions of muscles, thealteration of position of organs, ortheexactlocation of swellingsortumors.

4. Anatomical terms are descriptive terms standardized in an international reference guide, TerminologiaAnatomica (TA). TA- International AnatomicalTerminology Createdby the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, themostrecent (6th) editionwas published in 1998.

5. Many anatomical terms have both Latin and Greek equivalents. Thus the tongue is lingua (L.) and glossa (Gk), and these are the basis of such terms as lingual artery and glossopharyngeal nerve.

6. Anatomicaldirectionaltermsarebased on the body in theanatomicalposition. • Variousadjectives, arranged as pairs of opposites, describetherelationship of parts of the body orcomparetheposition of twostructuresrelativetoeachother. • .

7. TermsRelatedtoPosition • Alldescriptions of thehuman body based on anatomicposition. • Thevariousparts of the body thendescribed in relationtocertain • imaginaryplanes • 4 anatomicalplanesdividethe body.

8. AnatomicalPlanes Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes (median, sagittal, frontal-coronal, and transverse-axial)that intersect the body in the anatomical position. Sagittal= New Latin sagittālis < sagitta (“arrow”) Coronal= L. corona "crown, garland» Axial= "pertainingto an axis,«

9. The median plane, the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides the body into right and left halves. • Sagittal planes are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane.

10. Frontal (coronal) planes are vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

11. Transverse planes are horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Radiologists refer to transverse planes as transaxial, which is commonly shortened to axial planes.

14. Anatomicaltermsarespecificforcomparisonsmade in theanatomicalposition, orwithreferencetotheanatomicalplanes: • Superiorrefersto a structurethat is nearerthevertex, thetopmostpoint of thecranium (Mediev. L., skull). • Inferiorrefersto a structurethat is situatednearerthe sole of thefoot.

15. Cranialrelatestothecraniumand is a usefuldirectionalterm, meaningtowardtheheadorcranium. • Caudal(L. cauda, tail) is a usefuldirectionaltermthatmeanstowardthefeetortailregion, represented in humansbythecoccyx (tail bone), thesmall bone at theinferior (caudal) end of thevertebralcolumn.

16. Posterior(dorsal) denotesthebacksurface of the body ornearertotheback. • Anterior (ventral) denotesthefrontsurface of the body. • Rostral is oftenusedinstead of anteriorwhendescribingparts of thebrain; it meanstowardtherostrum (L. forbeak). • Todescribetherelationship of twostructures, one is saidto be anteriororposteriortotheotherinsofar as it is closertotheanteriororposterior body surface.

18. Medialis usedtoindicatethat a structure is nearertothemedianplane of the body. Forexample, the 5th digit of thehand (littlefinger) is medialtotheotherdigits. Lateralstipulatesthat a structure is fartherawayfromthemedianplane. The 1st digit of thehand (thumb) is lateraltotheotherdigits. Dorsumusuallyreferstothesuperioraspect of anypartthatprotrudesanteriorlyfromthe body, such as thedorsum of thetongue, nose, penis, orfoot

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20. Combinedtermsdescribeintermediatepositionalarrangements: inferomedialmeansnearertothefeetandmedianplane—forexample, superolateralmeansnearertotheheadandfartherfromthemedianplane.

21. Otherterms of relationshipandcomparisonsareindependent of theanatomicalpositionortheanatomicalplanes, relatingprimarilytothebody'ssurfaceoritscentralcore: Superficial,intermediate, anddeep (Lat. Profundus, profunda) describetheposition of structuresrelativetothesurface of the body ortherelationship of onestructuretoanotherunderlyingoroverlyingstructure. Externalmeansoutside of orfartherfromthecenter of an organ orcavity, whileinternalmeans inside orclosertothecenter, independent of direction.

22. Otherterms of relationshipandcomparisonsareindependent of theanatomicalpositionortheanatomicalplanes, relatingprimarilytothebody'ssurfaceoritscentralcore: Externalmeansoutside of orfartherfromthecenter of an organ orcavity, whileinternalmeans inside orclosertothecenter, independent of direction.

23. Proximalanddistalareusedwhencontrastingpositionsnearertoorfartherfromtheattachment of a limborthecentralaspect of a linearstructure (origin in general), respectively. Forexample, thearm is proximaltotheforearmandthehand is distaltotheforearm.

24. Termsof Laterality • Pairedstructureshavingrightandleftmembers (e.g., thekidneys) arebilateral, whereasthoseoccurring on onesideonly (e.g., thespleen) areunilateral. • Somethingoccurring on thesameside of the body as anotherstructure is ipsilateral. • Contralateralmeansoccurring on theoppositeside of thebody • relativetoanotherstructure.

25. Terms of Movement • Varioustermsdescribemovements of thelimbsandotherparts of the body. • Mostmovementsaredefined in relationshiptotheanatomicalposition, withmovementsoccurringwithin, andaroundaxesalignedwith, specificanatomicalplanes. • Whilemostmovementsoccur at jointswheretwoormorebonesorcartilagesarticulatewithoneanother, severalnon-skeletalstructuresexhibitmovement (e.g., tongue, lips, eyelids).

26. Terms of movementmayalso be considered in pairs of oppositingmovements: Flexionandextensionmovementsgenerallyoccur in sagittalplanesaround a transverseaxis.

27. Flexion bendingordecreasingtheanglebetweenthebonesorparts of thebody Formostjoints (e.g., elbow) in an anteriordirection occasionallyposterior kneejoint. Lateralflexion movementof thetrunk in thecoronalplane.

28. Extension straighteningorincreasingtheanglebetweenthebonesorparts of the body usuallyoccurs in a posteriordirection. Kneejointexceptional flexionof theknee- posteriormovement Extension- anteriormovement.

30. Dorsiflexion flexion @ anklejoint whenwalkinguphill lifting thefront of thefootandtoesofftheground Plantarflexion bendsthefootandtoestowardtheground whenstanding on yourtoes.

31. @ a frontalplanearound an anteroposterioraxis Abductionmovingawayfromthemedianplaneexceptdigits Adductionmovingtowardsthemedianplane abduction & adduction

35. Circumduction • circularmovement • sequentialflexion, abduction, extension, andadduction • thedistalend of thepartmoves in a circle. • shoulderjoint • hipjoint

37. Rotation • turningorrevolving a part of the body arounditslongitudinalaxis • such as turningone'sheadtofacesideways. Medialrotation (internalrotation) anteriorsurface of a limbclosertothemedianplane lateralrotation (externalrotation) anteriorsurfaceawayfromthemedianplane.

38. Pronation • rotatesforearmmedially • palmof thehandfacesposteriorly • itsdorsumfacesanteriorly. • Supination • oppositerotationalmovement

39. Eversion sole of thefootawayfromthemedianplane sole turnslaterally Inversion sole of thefoottowardthemedianplane (facingthe sole medially).

40. Opposition padof the 1st digit (thumb) broughttoanotherdigitpad pinch -- buttona shirt - lift a teacupbythehandle «tea» in signlanguage Reposition 1st digitfromtheposition of opposition backtoitsanatomicalposition

42. Protrusion movementforwardas in protrudingthemandible (chin), lips, ortongue Retrusion movementbackward, as in retrudingthemandible, lips, ortongue

43. Elevation raisesormoves a partsuperiorly elevatingtheshoulders Depression lowersormoves a partinferiorly depressingtheshoulders

44. Protraction& retraction anterolateral & posteromedialmovements of thescapula on thethoracicwall shoulderregiontomovinganteriorlyandposteriorly