台灣質譜學會 93 年度教育訓練課程 －質譜分析技術

1. 台灣質譜學會93年度教育訓練課程 －質譜分析技術 93/4/9 (五) 串聯質譜儀(Tandem-MS) (二) – TOF instrument 廖寶琦 成功大學環境醫學研究所

2. What is Tandem Mass Spectrometry? Dictionary definition of “tandem”: An arrangement of two or more people or things placed one behind the other. For examples, tandem bicycle Tandem Mass Spectrometry: An arrangement of two or more mass spectrometers (tandem-in-space) or mass spectrometry experiments (tandem-in-time) placed one behind the other. Acronym: MS/MS; MS3; MSn

3. A+ C+ D+ B+ m/z A2+ A4+ A1+ I A3+ A+ m/z An Example of Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiment: Product Ion Scan analytes A, B, C, D ionization source I A+ , B+ , C+ , D+ mass analyzer I A+ precursor ion fragmentation A1+ , A2+ , A3+ , A4+ product ions mass analyzer II

4. Activation (Dissociation, Fragmentation) Methods in MS/MS • Metastable decay • Collision-induced dissociation (CID), or collisionally activated dissociation (CAD). High energy vs. low energyCID. • Surface induced dissociation, photo-dissociation, electron excitation.

5. Rationales for (Why) PerformingTandem Mass Spectrometry • To obtain chemical structure-related information. For example, differentiation of isobar compounds or isomers. • To increaseselectivity and S/N ratio in quantitative measurement. For example, metabolite quatitation in complex biological matrices.

6. MS/MS by fragmentation enhances selectivity isobar MW: 278 Da for both distinct fragments

7. Fragment Ions Derived from N7-HEG by CID-MS/MS experiment Product Ion Precursor Ion

8. High Sensitivity and Specificity Provided by LC-MS/MS for N7-HEG Detection Without matrix Matrix effect considered 4 fmol 16 fmol LC-MS/MS 128 fmol 1.02 pmol LC-MS

9. High Sensitivity and Specificity Provided by LC-MS/MS for N7-HEG Detection Without matrix Matrix effect considered 128 fmol 1.02 pmol LC-MS/MS 128 fmol 1.02 pmol LC-MS

10. Common Applications ofTandem Mass Spectrometry • Examination of ion-molecule reactions • Molecular structural confirmation • Pharmacokinetic investigations • Neonatal screening for newborn diseases • Abused drug screening when LC-MS is used • Biological monitoring of toxicant exposure • Protein identification, de novosequencing, and post-translational modification analysis in proteomics study

11. Full MS scan 772.913 Mass analyzer scan Product ion scan (product of 772.9) select ion collision-induced dissociation (CID) scan Peptide Fragmentation Pattern Obtained by Product Ion Scan of Peptide Ion

12. Time-of-Flight (TOF)-BasedTandem Mass Spectrometers • Post source decay (PSD) analysis using a reflectron • Quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) tandem mass spectrometer • Tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometer

13. (From Suizdak, Mass Spectrometry for Biotechnology, 1996) x10 High Resolution! x10

14. Effect of high resolution on resolving isotopic peaks High resolution/ resolved isotopic peaks: Use monoisotopic mass Low resolution/ unresolved isotopic peaks: Use average mass

15. Post Source Decay (PSD) AnalysisUsing a Reflectron • PSD is a meta-stable decay process takes place after ions have exited source region. • Observation of PSD of MALDI ions was firstly reported in 1992 (Spengler et al., J Phys Chem, 96, 9678). • It was realized that MALDI ions are not as soft as many had expected. • First commercial mass spectrometer that performed PSD analysis was introduced ~ 1994.

16. Post Source Decay (PSD) AnalysisUsing a Reflectron (From Schematic Diagram of PE-SCIEX Voyager Elite MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer)

17. Post Source Decay (PSD) Analysisof a Charged Peptide Using a Reflectron

18. Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) Tandem Mass Spectrometer • Also referred as QqTOF, Q: first mass analyzer; q: collision cell; TOF: second mass analyzer. • Parallel detection feature of TOF provides high sensitivity in full-scan mode. • Most Q-TOF MS have reflectrons that provide high resolution and therefore high mass accuracy. • Ideal for obtaining product ion scan data.

19. Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) Tandem Mass Spectrometer • First commercial Q-TOF mass spectrometer was introduced ~ 1996. • Originally designed for ESI source, Q-TOF MS are also used with MALDI source now. • Originally targeted for peptide analysis, Q-TOF MS are also applied to the analysis of small molecules such as pharmaceuticals and environmental toxicants.

20. Schematic Diagram of QqTOF MS (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849)

21. Single MS Operation in QqTOF MS RF-only mode (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849)

22. MS/MS Operation in QqTOF MS RF-only mode Product ions recording Precursor ion selection (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849)

23. Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) Tandem Mass Spectrometercan be Viewed as: • the replacement of the third quadrupole (Q3) in a triple quadrupole by a TOF mass spectrometer, or • the addition of a mass-resolving quadrupole and collision cell to an ESI-TOF.

24. Principle of Orthogonal ESI-TOF ESI (From Hoffmann, Principle of Mass Spectrometry, 1998)

25. Important Considerations inQ-TOF Operations • Orthogonalacceleration into TOF • Collisional cooling by RF-only quadrupoles • TOF chamber shielding • Pulsing rate of ion modulator and duty cycle

26. Collisional Cooling in QqTOF MS RF-only mode TOF is more sensitive to “quality” of incoming ion beam collisional cooling, reducing both energy spread and beam diameter (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849)

27. TOF chamber shielding in QqTOF MS ground voltage Shielding is important for TOF chamber to create a field-free region floated at high potential (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849)

28. Pulsing Rate of Ion Modulator in QqTOF MS Pulsing too fast: overlap with slowest ion from previous pulse Pulsing too slow: low duty cycle Typical pulsing rate is 5-10 kHz with 5-30% duty cycle (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849)

29. Extraction Pulsing Rate, Duty Cycle, and Gating pulse for Duty Cycle Enhancement @ a specific m/z region (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849) Using gating pulse, ~ 100% duty cycle can be achieved @ a specific m/z region, At the expense of low duty cycles in other m/z regions

30. Can Q-TOF be used for various MS/MS modes as provided by triple quadrupole? (yes) How about efficiencies? (depends) Neutral loss scan Product ion scan select ion (CID) scan Precursor ion scan Single reaction monitoring scan (CID) select ion scan (CID) scan select ion (CID) select ion N mpre+ mpro+ + mneu Efficiency Q-TOF >> TSQ Q-TOF ~ TSQ

31. Gating pulse for Duty Cycle Enhancement @ a specific product ion is useful in precursor ion scan (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849) Using gating pulse, ~ 100% duty cycle can be achieved @ a specific product ion

32. LC-Q-TOF-MS with an ESI source Liquid Chromatography

33. Information-dependent LC-MS-MS of tryptic digest using a Q-TOF MS (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849)

34. Information-dependent LC/MS/MS with precursor ion scan as a survey scan 7 fragments with m/z values 153.1, 155.1, 165.1, 181.1, 183.1, 191.1, and 193.1 were selected for multiple precursor ion scanning (From Chernushevich et al., JMS, 2001, 36, 849)

35. Q-TOF-MS with an MALDI source Ions “forget” their initial conditions in the ionization region through collisional cooling Larger laser influence can be used to increase overall sensitivity

36. Mass Calibration and Accuracy:MALDI-Q-TOF vs. MALDI-TOF • In MALDI-Q-TOF, ion source is decoupled from TOF using collisional cooling provided by quadrupoles. As long as the points are not too close together, a simple two-point calibration is usually accurate over a wide mass range. • In MALDI-TOF, flight time can be affected by ion source conditions such as surface distortion (sample morphology) and laser fluence, requiring a multipoint calibration (when delayed extraction is used) and internal standards for best mass accuracy.

37. Examples of Q-TOF MS Applications • Exact mass measurement of precursor and product ions for structural confirmation and identification of unknown compounds • Analysis of complex glycans

38. Exact mass measurement of precursor and product ions by Q-TOF MS (From Miao et al., RCMS, 2003, 17, 149)

39. Exact mass measurement of precursor and product ions for structural confirmation and identification by Q-TOF (From Clauwaert et al., RCMS, 2003, 17, 1443)

40. Exact mass measurement of precursor and product ions for structural confirmation and identification by Q-TOF (From Clauwaert et al., RCMS, 2003, 17, 1443)

41. Analysis of complex glycans by Q-TOF MS (From Harvey et al., RCMS, 2000, 14, 2135)

42. Tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF)mass spectrometer • First mass analyzer: TOF; second mass analyzer : TOF. TOF provides high sensitivity in full-scan mode. • Second TOF utilizes a reflectron that provides high resolution and therefore high mass accuracy. • TOF/TOF is currently used only for MALDI source. • Ideal for obtaining product ion scan data of tryptic peptides for proteomics research.

43. Diagram of a Tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF)mass spectrometer

44. Diagram of a Tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF)mass spectrometer Recording of product ions Precursor ion selection Fragmentation

45. An example of product ion data of tryptic peptides generated by tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (From Go et al., Anal Chem, 2003, 75, 2504)

46. Time-of-Flight (TOF)-BasedTandem Mass Spectrometers • Post source decay (PSD) analysis using a reflectron－less used now. • Quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF)tandem mass spectrometer－gaining popularity in proteomics, pharmaceutical, bioanalytical, and environmental applications. • Tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF)mass spectrometer－may have a great potential in high-throughput proteomics.