Blood & Cardiovascular System

1. Blood & Cardiovascular System Shelby Worley & KadelynMcBrearty

2. Function • Blood: Signifies life, helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid and distributes heat. Vital in transporting substances and maintaining homeostasis. • Cardiovascular: Transports nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells throughout the body, and remove waste. Protection of the body from diseases and regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells

3. Major Organs • Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body and organs • Lungs: Brings oxygen into the body and sends it to the heart

4. Blood Vessels • Arteries: Strong, elastic vessels that are adapted to carrying blood away from the heart under high pressure • Arterioles: Arteries subdivide into these thinner tubes and give rise to finer branched arterioles • Veins: Carry blood back to the atria and follow pathways that closely parallel those of arteries • Venules: Microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries and merge to form veins • Capillaries: The smallest-diameter blood vessels which connect the smallest arterioles with the smallest venules

5. Covering/Wall of the Heart • Pericardium: Encloses the heart and the proximal ends of blood vessels • Endocardium: Contains blood vessels and specialized muscle fibers called purkinje fibers • Myocardium: pumps blood out of the heart chambers • Epicardium: Protects the heart by reducing friction

6. Heart Chambers and Valves • Atria: Thin walls that receive blood returning to the heartwith the help of the Vena Cava • Ventricles: Receive blood from the atria and contract to force blood out of the heart into arteries • Septum: Seperates the atria and ventricle on the right side to the left side • Tricuspid Valve: Lies between the right atrium and ventricle, it prevents backflow and interchanging blood

7. Heart chambers and valve cont. • Pulmonary Valve: Allows blood to leave the right ventricle and prevent backflow into the ventricle chamber • Mitral Valve: Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle • Aorta: Major systemic artery that recieves blood from the left ventricle • Aortic Valve: Allows blood to leave the left ventricle.

8. Path of blood • Vena Cava • Right Atrium • Tricuspid Valve • Right Ventricle • Pulmonary Valve • Pulmonary Arteries • Lungs • Pulmonary Veins • Left Atrium • Bicuspid Valve • Left Ventricle • Aortic Valve • Body

9. Circulation • Pulmonary Circuit: Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide • Systemic Circuit: Sends oxygenated blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes waste

10. Heart Sounds • Cause: Vibrations in the heart tissues associated with the closing of the valves. • Lubb: Occurs during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closing • Dubb: Occurs during ventricular relaxation when the Pulmonary and Aortic valves are closing

11. Blood • Blood is a highly specialized tissue composed of more than 4,000 different kinds of components. • The four most important: • Red Cells • White Cells • Platelets • Plasma

12. Blood Cont. • Red Cells (Erythrocytes): Transports oxygen from the lungs to all of the living tissues of the body and carry away carbon dioxide. It makes up 40-50% of the total blood volume. Hemoglobin makes up 1/3 of the red blood cell and imparts the color of blood.

13. Blood Cont. • White Cells (Leukocytes): Protect against diseases • Groups of white cells • Granulocytes: • Neutrophils: digest products and bacterial toxins • Eosinophils: Kill parasites, control inflammation and allergic reactions by removing biochemicals • Basophils: Prevent intravascular blood clot formation and increase blood flow • Agranulocytes: • Monocytes: digest products and bacterial toxins • Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies that attack foreign substances and help with immunity

14. Blood Cont. • Platelets (Thrombocytes): Help close breaks and damaged blood vessels and initiate formation of blood clots • Plasma: Transporting nutrients, gases, and vitamins, help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH. • Contains three proteins • Albumins: Help regulate water movement between the blood and the tissues, control blood volume and help with blood pressure • Globulins: transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins and produce antibodies • Fibrinogen: functions in blood coagulation

15. Blood types • An anti-body of one type will react with an antigen of the same type and clump red blood cells. Because of this, people with certain blood types can only get blood from certain blood types to avoid clotting the blood.

16. Rh Factor • If a woman who has already developed anti-Rh antibodies becomes pregnant with a second Rh+ fetus, these anti-Rh antibodies cross the placental membrane and destroy the fetal red blood cells

17. Lipoproteins • Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL): Transports triglycerides from the liver to adipose cells • Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): Delivers cholesterol to various cells • High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): Transports to the liver remnants of chylomicrons that have given up their triglycerides

18. Diseases of the blood • Hemophilia: A rare bleeding disorder in which the blood doesn’t clot normally • Anemia: Condition in which the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells. The blood doesn’t carry enough oxygen to the rest of the body

19. Diseases of the heart • Hypertension: Persistently elevated arterial pressure • Elevated pressure can be secondary, cause by another problem, such as kidney disease, high sodium intake, obesity, psychological stress, and arteriosclerosis • Atherosclerosis: deposits of fatty materials are formed within and on the inner lining of the arterial walls • Risk factors: fatty diet, elevated blood pressure, tobacco smoking, obesity and lack of physical exercise. Genetic factors may also increase susceptibility