Nationalism as a Divider

1. Nationalism as a Divider Three examples of how nationalism divided nations.

2. The Russians • The Russians were a multi-ethnic society. • They needed autocratic rule to keep things together. • Forced industrialization in the later Tsarist eras. • They promoted Pan-Slavism

3. Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism! Begins the process of serf emancipation.

4. Nicolas (Cont.) • Fought Persian War in 1826 and Russo-Turkish War in 1828 • Gains Armenia and Balkan territory respectively.

5. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War. Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863]. Russification begins

6. Alexander II • Oppressive to dissidents • Sold Alaska to US. • Russo-Turkey War v. 2.0 - 1877 • Assassinated by explosives March 13, 1881

7. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile. “Russification” program continued Jews  forced migration to the Pale

8. The Crimean War • Fought originally over who controlled Christians in Holy Land – Russia or France. • Really a check on Russia’s continued expansion • Mostly fought in Black Sea / Baltic Sea areas • First “Modern War” • Rifled Barrells, Miniball Bullets, War Correspondents, Pictures, Nurses, Telegraphs, Railroads.

9. The Charge of the Light Brigade:The Battle of Balaklava [1854] Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred… A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

10. Treaty of Paris [1856] • No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea. • All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

11. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • Battle over Port Arthur – Warm water port in Asia. • Russians lost two major fleets to the Japanes single fleet. • Japanese captured Port Arthur by 1905 and decimated the Russians. • Peace treaty – Treaty of Portsmouth – Negotiated by T.R. • Russia lost territory and influence in Asia.

12. Key Result • Russia loses tons of money and military power. • Helps cause the Revolution of 1905 in Russia. • Japan becomes emboldened and begins taking over areas left and right. • Japanese and Washington Naval Conference (1905)

13. Hapsburg Empire – Shifting Allegience • Hapsburgs facing multi-ethnic society now enraged with Nationalism – 1848. • Lost Austro-Prussian war in 1866 – humiliating. • Weak Hapsburg ruler ship

14. The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary The Hungarian Flag

15. The Ottoman Empire • In 1500’s - 1600’s, under Suleiman and Sultan Osman, the Ottomans were a feared organization • By 1800’s, they were a weak power trying to hang on. • Tried to reform under Mahmud II with the Tanzimat – reform • Modernized factories, modern conscripted army, banking reforms,

16. Loss of Territories and Wars in Late 1800’s • 1821 – Greek Independence • 1856 – Crimean War Ends • 1875 – Serbia, Montenegro, Wallachia, Moldova declare independence • 1877-78 – Lose the Russo-Turkish War • 1878 – Bulgaria gains independence • 1878 – Cyprus / Egypt to the British • 1904-1916 – Armenian Genocide in Turkery – 500,000 to 1.5 million dead

17. Ottoman Nationalism • The loss of colonies, Crimean War, constant fights with British and Russians led to destabilization. • Young Turks - 1908 • KemalAttaturk • WWI – sided with Germany over Berlin to Baghdad RR • Arab Revolt, Crimean Revolt, loss in WWI sealed fate of empire. • Changed by 1920 under Treaty of Sevres

18. Created a secular government called the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk”