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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Behaviours for survival. Behaviour in animals. The study of animal behaviour is called ethology Some behaviour is innate - this means it is ‘in built’ ie you are born knowing how to do it Other behaviours are learned ie by observing others

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Behaviours for survival

  2. Behaviour in animals • The study of animal behaviour is called ethology • Some behaviour is innate- this means it is ‘in built’ ie you are born knowing how to do it • Other behaviours are learnedie by observing others • Rhythmic behaviour happens at regular intervals. Feeding is an example of this. • ‘The biological clock’ is often referred to as an explanation for these patterns

  3. Communication behaviours • Important components of communication are: • Stimulus for communication • Sender • Receiver • The kind of signal • How the signal is sent • The behaviour of the receiver • The setting in which the signal is sent • Communication may be through touch, posture, sound, visual display, and chemical signals

  4. Examples of communication • Bees perform a ‘waggle dance’ at the hive to tell the other bees where the food is • Whales ‘sing’ underwater- this has a role in locating other whales as well as courtship implications • Dogs use ‘chemical communication’ by releasing pheromones- hormones that signal that they are ‘on heat’

  5. Social & territorial interactions • It is often safer for an organism to be part of a group than alone. • Groups often have an ‘organisation system’ or ‘social hierarchy’ with leaders and subordinates • Territorial behaviour refers to animals defending their habitat from other potential competitors • Competition may occur between organisms for space or food • Cooperation occurs when it is of benefit to all animals involved (eg hunting in packs)

  6. Pg 362 • Questions 5, 6, 8 • Pg 369 • Question 2

  7. Learned behaviours • Conditioning- conditioning results when an association is made between two events. In Pavlov’s experiments dogs were conditioned to salivate when a bell was rung • Classical conditioning- the reward follows the stimulus • Operant conditioning- the reward follows the response

  8. Habituation- ‘getting used to’ an environment. Eg not hearing traffic when you live near a busy road • Insight- using reason to solve a problem. Ie using life experiences to deal with a new situation • Imprinting- the formation of an attachment to something shortly after birth (eg ducks)

  9. Plant behaviour • Tropism- a growth response to a stimulus • Can be positive (grow in direction of stimulus) or negative (grow in opposite direction) • Phototropism- response to light • Geotropism- response to gravity • Thigmotropism- response to touch

  10. How does the growth response occur? Phototropisms: • Auxin is a plant hormone responsible for growth • If light is evenly distributed, auxin is evenly distributed and the plant will grown straight • If light is to one side, auxin will become more concentrated on the side without sunlight, causing greater growth on that side.

  11. Geotropisms: • See picture pg 364 • Auxin accumulates on the lower side of the shoot- this causes elongation of the cells on this side. Shoot grows upwards (negative geotropism) • Roots grow downwards (positive geotropism)

  12. Timing of flowering • Photoperiod refers to the relative time of day and night • When plants respond to this it is called photoperiodism • Some plants only flower when the day length is shorter, others when the day length is longer

  13. Pg 362 • Questions 5, 6, 8 • Pg 369 • Question 2 • Pg 367 • Questions 9-13 • Pg 369 • Question 3 • Pg 370 • Question 4 • Pg 372 • Questions’s 8,10 (these would be a good test/exam questions!!)

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