Senior Seminar Winter 2011 ISP 4860

1. Senior Seminar Winter 2011ISP 4860 Section 001 Class 10, March 28 Course web site: www.is.wayne.edu/drbowen/SenSemW11

2. Agenda • Late / returned / future assignments • Word Processing • Research • Content: • Tragedy of the Commons • Sustainability • Writing • Grammar • Sentences for Discussion Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

3. Assignments Coming Up • Past due • Choice of topic 2/7 • Chapter 1 planner 2/14 • List of references 2/21 • Draft for Chapter 1 2/28, 5 in • Draft for Chapters 2 and 3 3/7, 3 & 2 in • Revised Chapter 1 3/21, 2 in • Today, Chpt 2 & 3 revised 2 in Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

4. Assignments Coming Up • This week, March 28: Revised Chapters 2 and 3 • Next week, April 4: Drafts of Chapters 4 and 5, final Portfolio Assessment (including mine) • Two weeks, April 11: Nothing due (catch up) • Three weeks, April 18: Final paper • Four weeks, April 25: Oral report. • Last class meeting Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

5. Oral Presentation • A requirement for the course • You should be prepared to give a progress report even if your paper is not done • Handout • Alternatives: • Videotape a presentation and email it to me • Must have an audience and a handout • Lower grade 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 5

6. Plagiarism Using someone else’s words requires both: Quotation marks Citation using MLA style MLA = Modern Language Association Quotation in quotesspace(last name of authorspacepage). ‘One may caricature it by picking up one of the phrases used by the Aristotelians, namely that it was a universal principal that “nature abhors a vacuum”’ (Conant 17). For your words but another’s idea, use citation only Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

7. Factors Improving US Economy • Consistent job growth, even if too low • High corporate profits and stock market • Improved confidence of those with jobs • Low interest and inflation rates • Business confidence from surviving past crises such as European near-defaults and high oil prices from Middle East instability 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 7

8. Factors Hindering US Economy • High unemployment rates • Current layoffs in state governments • Future layoffs in local governments • Poor market for new housing and continuing prospects for foreclosures and their depressing effect on housing prices • Poor housing market makes it difficult for people to relocate 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 8

9. Getting Better: New Book • Charles Kenny (economist). Getting Better: Why Global Development Is Succeeding--And How We Can Improve the World Even More. Basic Books, 2011 • Continued progress in health and life span even in countries with poor economies, example Liberia • Cost of health improvements has fallen • Most economies improving 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 9

10. Getting Better • Links to interview andarticle on coursewebsite • 1980 Liberia infant deathrate 16%, life expectancy48 years • Today, infant death ratedown sharply, life span 58 yrs 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 10

11. Early Humans Hard on Environment • Steven Mithin, After the Ice: a Global Human History, 20,000 - 5000 BC, Harvard University Press, 2003. • Hunter-gatherers (nomads) and early farmers commonly forced to evacuate sites because of trash and overutilization • Middens – trash heaps • Example of hazelnuts on islands off of Scotland • Fantastic collections of shells, then trees disappeared 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 11

12. Word Processing • Some are doing double spacing with <Enter> to make new lines • Makes it very difficult to make changes • Use paragraph formatting • menu item Format > Paragraph > Line spacing > double, then click OK • Best before writing • To reformat existing text, first menu item Edit > Select All 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 12

13. Word Processing • Handout 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 13

14. Word Processing • Combining Chapter files into one Paper file • Handout 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 14

15. Two Ways to Damage Environment • Insufficient knowledge – when even the experts don’t know all of the interactions • Examples: the three examples from last class (possibly damaging the Amazon rain pump, effects of removing wolves from Yellowstone, effects of Chaparral in San Diego • Individuals not understanding their actions • Spread of Emerald Ash Borer, Zebra and Quagga mussels in Michigan 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 15

16. Example of Food Insecurity Effect • Villagers in northeaster Bangladesh dying from unknown cause • Woman and child taken to hospital, died with hours with no fever, three other children had died at home earlier • Monsoon flooding had reduced rice yields • Use mature cockleburr for flavoring • Only cockleburr shoots growing then • Cockleburr shoots found to be poisonous 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 16

17. Managing the Commons SOP Pp 101 - 153

18. Content: Managing the Commons • “The Tragedy of the Commons” by Garrett Hardin, 1968 (SOP Pp 115 – 125) • Article famous in environmental literature • Applies to almost all topics here • “Common” – a shared area that people can use for their own gain • Original example – common pasture area • Farmer thought that putting one additional cow to graze there would degrade pasture a little, but that farmer would have a whole cow Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

19. Tragedy of the Commons • Common” – a shared area that people can use for their own gain • Costs were shared, gains were private • Hardin thought that additional cows would be added until pasture destroyed for everyone • Any common resource would be trashed • No environmental laws then • No Green Revolution Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

20. Tragedy of the Commons • Different types of commons had been abandoned one after the other • Food – farmland owned • Waste – sewage treatment • Automobiles (no mileage, pollution or safety standards then, but had to be regulated) • Factories, insecticide use (now regulated), fertilizer use (now regulated) • Pleasure – sound pollution, advertising Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

21. Tragedy of the Commons • Hardin especially worried about population • World population 3B 1960, 4B 1974, headed for 12B • Thought we would need some kind of control to prevent overpopulation • “Mutual Coercion Mutually Agreed Upon” • Would extend to everything • Water, fish, energy, global warming, health, ecosystem, consumption Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

22. Management of the Commons • Examples found of Commons that had been successfully managed • 2003 articles in SOP • “The Struggle to Govern the Commons” Pg 126 • “Social Capital and the Collective Management of Resources” Pg 142 • “Managing Tragedies” Pg 149 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

23. 1. “Struggle” • Inshore fisheries had quotas established and enforced • 1987 Montreal Protocol on CFCs to protect ozone • Graphs on SOP Pg 127 • Difficult if: • Knowledge is incomplete or not shared • Goals not shared • Access is uncontrolled • Locals do not benefit Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

24. 1. Have some TEA • TEA: Tradable Environmental Allowances • Give rights to catch a share of fish, cut an amount of timber, shoot a deer, etc. • Have economic value because a TEA can be traded • If system works, users will self-enforce to protect the value of their TEA • “Catch shares” an example • Do not work if monitoring stock or compliance is difficult

25. 1. Successful Self-Regulation • This type of “management of the commons” can be successful if: • resource and resource use can be easily and reliably monitored (trees easier than fish) • changes in resource, user numbers, technology and social conditions are moderate • face-to-face communications are frequent • outsiders can be easily excluded • users support monitoring and rule enforcement • Normally not all conditions exist 3/21 Senior Seminar, Class 9 25

26. 1. “Struggle” Works best if several overlapping layers of control (“nesting”), for example: One group assesses number of young of species A second group decides on the catch limits A third group enforces the catch limits 3/21 Senior Seminar, Class 9 26

27. 2. “Social Capital” • Five types of capital Pg 143 • Natural (ecosystem services) • Social (value of social systems working by established relationships) • Human (knowledge, skills, health, nutrition) • Physical (buildings, factories, irrigation systems, etc.) • Financial (money) Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

28. 2. “Social Capital” • Social capital necessary for managing a commons • All affected groups (“stakeholders”) must be part • Education and involvement may be necessary • Many fishing communities do not believe fisheries being depleted even if evidence says they are • Outright bans can endanger livelihoods of local people Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

29. 2. “Social Capital” • Four important features: • Trust • Reciprocity, exchanges • Common rules and sanctions • Everyone knows the rules of the game • Punishment is appropriate and fair • Connecting networks and groups • Benefits of cooperation should be clear, including economic benefits

30. 2. Existing Agreements • 400,000 to 500,000 existing agreements to manage shared resources • watersheds 55,000 • forests 73,000 • irrigation 58,000 • pest management ~27,000 • wildlife preservation • fishery management SOP Pg 127 • microfinance (small loans) 275,000 3/21 Senior Seminar, Class 9 30

31. 2. Government • Government support may be needed to establish legal rights • International organizations important if boundaries crossed

32. 3. “Managing Tragedies” • Understanding the problem correctly is important • Experts foresaw fuel wood shortage • But farmers wanted wood to sell, solved fuel wood shortage by other means, e.g. using other fuels, moving herds, etc. • Experts thought excess cattle causing droughts • But could make sense if rainfall varies – being prepared for higher rainfall more important

33. 3. “Managing Tragedies” • If parties to conflict do not have shared understanding and knowledge about the problem, difficult for them to cooperate • Many problems not purely economic • People can see different resources in an area • “Wildlife tourism” can be a new resource • Uncertainties must be acknowledged • Hard to accurately judge fish stocks, for example

34. 3. “Managing Tragedies” • Defining and agreeing on what the problem is – very important • So is stakeholder knowledge • Shared understanding • One approach: for areas that are threatened by the local indigenous population, give that population a stake in that ecosystem. Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

35. Some Experiments • Ecotourism. Tourists bring money to area, but must preserve the environment to keep them coming • Elephant preservation – killed for ivory • Numbers declining – kill animal, just take tusks • EBay agreed to ban online ivory sales • Cites (monitors trade in endangered species) allowed ivory sales for Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

36. Some Experiments • Elephants (continued) • These countries had protected elephants, had growing elephant populations • Sale was protested by International Fund for Animal Welfare • To protect fisheries, “catch shares” – each fisherman owns a portion of the catch, can trade it, sell it, buy from others, etc. • Recent survey in Science says this works • Not being used for largest fisheries Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

37. Sustainability SOP Pp 154 - 193

38. Sustainability • Food • In 1980s food supply kept up with population, but distribution was uneven – some areas too much, some starvation • Recent production, while increasing, is not keeping up with population • Reasons: lack of investment, water shortages, urbanization and HIV/AIDS removing skilled adults from farms, Global Warming • Will impact poor world the most • Controversy over GMOs may be over for poor world • Need to develop farming methods with less environmental impact • Eating lower on the food chain – must be made acceptable Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

39. Sustainability • Models of food supply and consumption • Increased consumption in poor world • Urbanization and prosperity • Increased international trade • Persistent child malnutrition although declining per-capita rates • Projected numerical increases in some areas • sub-Saharan Africa • South Asia • Many needs – water, education and training, rural infrastructure, management

40. Sustainability • Improvements in poor countries would bring the most benefit • Safe water sources close to home bring much benefit • Better water management needed • Roads bring more marketing opportunities, prosperity, increased production • Managing landscapes for fertility, production • Sharing successes with local plant breeding

41. Sustainability • Some goods can be substituted for • Margarine for butter • Some cannot be substituted for • Water • These are more critical to manage well

42. Sustainability • Needed for a sustainable future: • Population stability • Lower environmental impact per person • Conservation • New methods • Food and water supplies • More even distribution of health and economic development • Need an integrated (interdisciplinary) approach • Coordinate different approaches, e.g. for-profit and non-profit Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

43. Sustainability • Health • Infectious diseases (“vector-borne”) still not controlled in poor world • Some treatments very inexpensive • Economic development important for others • Diseases once under control in rich world re-emerging due to obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet • Diabetes, cardio-vascular • Avoidance of vaccination (DB) Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

44. Sustainability • Climate Change (= Global Warming) • Must eventually reduce worldwide carbon emissions to a small fraction of today’s • Will require international cooperation • Will it be a burden or an opportunity? • Methods: • Technical: conservation, low-carbon sources (e.g. ethanol, nuclear, solar), sequestration, geoengineering, virtual/digital • Economic: green business, cap and trade, incentives • May need them all Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

45. DB • Food/fish: eat lower on food chain, must make this acceptable • Water: conservation, more treatment, suit quality to use • Pricing to conserve, or is it a right? • On Green Inc blog – using wastewater for power plant cooling • Ecosystem: be more cautious for now, need to learn more, and quickly • “End of carbon era” may help Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

46. DB • Health • Conflict between market-based solutions and services for poor countries, e.g. for AIDS drugs • In rich countries, work on lifestyle • Economic development important for improvements in poor world (health, food, water) • Education • How to get really poor countries “off the ground?” • Agency Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

47. DB • Consumption and Waste • Reduce, recycle, reuse • Biodegradable products • Lifecycle design • Urbanization • Improve rural life • Development • Property rights for urban poor Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

48. DB • Population • Economic rights for women • Economic development • Education Senior Seminar W11, Class 10

49. Research and Writing

50. Capitalization • Do capitalize: • First word in sentence • Proper names, adjectives, titles • Brazil, Brazilian • Alfred Hitchcock, Hitchcockian • Justice Thomas • Formal names and abbreviations (explain first time) • General Motors Corporation, GM • Pacific Ocean • Wayne State University • Senior Seminar • Washington Monument • God, Koran, Catholic • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 3/28 Senior Seminar W11, Class 10 50