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The Ottoman Empire. To 1750. Expansion and Frontiers. A small empire in Anatolia, the Ottoman empire grew because ofThe shrewdness of Osman, the founderControl over a strategic link between Asia and Europe at GallipoliAn army with traditional cavalry skills and the use of gunpowder. . Fought Ch
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1. Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean 1500-1750
Chapter 19
2. The Ottoman Empire To 1750
3. Expansion and Frontiers A small empire in Anatolia, the Ottoman empire grew because of
The shrewdness of Osman, the founder
Control over a strategic link between Asia and Europe at Gallipoli
An army with traditional cavalry skills and the use of gunpowder
4. Fought Christians for territory in Greece and the Balkans
The Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, “the conqueror”
Ended 1100 years of Byzantine rule
Changed name from Constantinople to Istanbul
5. Suleiman the Magnificent attacked Christian Europe.
Made it to Vienna before turning back
6. From 1453 and 1502, a 200 year war began between the Ottomans and Venice.
Ottomans wanted control of Venice’s holdings in the Mediterranean
Venice eventually had to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but they retained control of the islands of Crete and Cyprus.
7. In the early 1500s Muslim merchants from India and Sumatra requested help from the Ottomans in weakening Portugal's sea power.
The Ottomans were unsuccessful at this
They didn’t want to spend that much
8. Central Institutions Ottoman army
Originally, horse mounted warriors with short bows
Began using Christian slaves as soldiers
9. They converted to Islam and were called “Janissary”.
Janissaries were used to fight other Muslims
They were foot soldiers that used guns
Eventually, the devshirme was used to take male children from the Balkans, they would then be raised by an Ottoman family.
10. The Ottoman Empire became cosmopolitan
The Osmanli language, was used by the highest classes of people. It came from Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages.
Jews were coming in from Spain.
11. The people were known as the raya, or flock of sheep.
The military was made up of Turks, Macedonians, Albanians, and Serbs. The Navy had Greek, Turkish, Algerian, and Tunisian sailors.
Most people were Muslim
Followed the Shari’a
Muslim converts often maintained their local customs
12. Crisis of the Military State, 1585-1650 Development of cannons and lighter firearms
Janissary corps grew
Cost the government more money
The Turkish cavalry shrank
Former cavalry members were upset
Inflation due to silver from the new world, led the government to lay off more cavalrymen
Some men were hired to fight only in the summertime.
13. Revolts against the government, 1590-1610
Former cavalrymen, short-term soldiers, overtaxed peasants, and even poor students formed revolts.
Anatolia was hurt the most.
Revolts led to emigration
Agriculture production decreased
The Janissaries became more powerful.
14. Economic Change and Growing Weakness, 1650-1750 The conflicts kept the sultan in the palace.
Sultan’s male relatives were confined to the palace
Grand viziers oversaw the government.
15. Janissaries took advantage of their increased power
Became involved in trade and politics
Land grants for military service stopped
Tax farming took its place
Certain people were given the right to tax those that lived on their lands
16. Economic connections with Europe grew
The port of Izmir, in Anatolia began trading products with Europe.
Agriculture in the region changed to growing cash crops like cotton and tobacco.
Because of Europe’s longer history of trade, they got better tax rates than the Ottomans.
17. The “Tulip Period”, 1718-1730
Ottomans began mimicking European styles of dress and furniture.
The elite became interested in tulips and spent huge amounts of money on tulip bulbs.
18. Conservative Janissaries began revolting under the leadership of Patrona Halil.
Halil was later seized and executed
Wealthy landholders in the provinces took advantage of the weakened central government.
19. The Safavid Empire 1502-1722
20. The Rise of the Safavids Resembled the Ottoman Empire, but was in Iran
21. In 1502, Ismail named himself shah of Iran.
Declared Iran would practice Shi’ite Islam
Most Safaviya spoke Turkish, were nomads, wore red turbans, and revered Ismail as a god incarnate
A century of battles with Sunni Muslims in and around Iran
22. Society and Religion Iran became separate from its Sunni neighbors
Iranian scholars tended to write in Arabic while other Muslim scholars were using Persian
23. Iraq separated the Arabic and Persian regions
Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia became artistic
The Persian region excelled in poetry
ALL regions were Muslim and had mosques, madrasas and followed the shari’a
24. Shi’ism in Iran required people to believe that temple rulers were standing in for the “Hidden Imam,” the twelfth descendent of Ali
They believed he disappeared as a child and would return
25. Made religious scholars more important
Led to some unique traditions that encompassed a large region
Period of mourning, passion plays depicting the death of Husayn and his family
Gave the people a feeling of “oneness”
26. A Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul Isfahan
Became Iran’s capital in 1598
Chosen by Shah Abbas I
Far from the sea, but central to the country
27. Istanbul
Capital of the Ottoman Empire
A great sea port, with many nationalities living there
There were also many architectural differences
28. Both Isfahan and Istanbul
Wheeled vehicles were scarce, people walked
Streets were narrow and complex
Artisans and merchants formed guilds
Women seldom appeared in public
Women could own property and represent themselves in court
29. Economic Crisis and Political Collapse Safavid Empire’s economy
Silk
monopolized by the Shahs
30. Deep-pile carpets
Each city had a different style
Most work done by women and girls
Most people were subsistence farmers or herders
Nomadic chieftains often ruled over these areas
31. The Safavids also had trouble paying troops to fight with firearms
Nomad warriors refused to use firearms
Christian prisoners were converted to Islam and became the army
Cheap silver caused inflation (late 16th cent)
32. The government silk monopoly began to fail
The government could not pay the army
Relied on the British and Dutch for naval support
By 1722, the government was weak and a group of Afghans captured Isfahan
33. The Mughal Empire 1526-1761
34. Political Foundations The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur
Was a Turkish Muslim
Empire in India where the population was Hindu
Babur’s grandson, Akbar, spread the empire
Akbar gave land for military service
India was prosperous under Akbar
Did not have their own navy
35. Hindus and Muslims Hindus were afraid of Muslim conquerors, but did not unify to defend themselves.
Akbar employed mostly Muslim soldiers, but 15% were actually Hindu soldiers called Rajputs.
Akbar married a Hindu princess to encourage good Muslim-Hindu relations.
36. Akbar made big changes
Said he was God’s infallible earthly representative
Made himself the final legal court
Made himself the center of a “Divine Faith”
37. Art
Muslims disagreed with Hindu art depicting people.
Sikhism developed in northwest India.
Were a threat to the Mughals by the 18th century
38. Central Decay and Regional Challenges, 1707-1761 Land grant system led to the empire’s downfall
Strong regional powers challenged the govt. in the early 1700’s
The region was headed by different leaders until the arrival of the British
39. Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean 1600-1729
40. The Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman Empires all declined in the 17th and 18th centuries while seafaring countries grew stronger.
Joint-stock companies
New technologies
41. Europeans like the British and the Dutch as well as Muslim traders grew wealthy.
Attempts were made to spread Christianity, but the spread of Islam was more successful.
42. Muslims in the East Indies Muslims reached the East Indies around the 8th century.
Islam spread slowly from coastal cities inland around the 16th century.
The Muslims helped protect regions from European conquerors/traders.
43. Islam was originally spread by traders, later Muslim scholars began to travel to these regions.
Christianity spread in regions not yet converted to Islam.
44. Muslims in East Africa Muslims governed East African ports that the Portuguese began to visit in the 15th century.
Ports did not cooperate and often competed with each other
Arabs of Oman began taking control of some of the ports
This caused a blending of languages which led to Swahili
Islam also spread into the southern Sudan
45. The Dutch drove the Portuguese out of their holdings in the East Indies
They were better organized
They took the Portuguese stronghold at Malacca
1628- new capital at Batavia on Java oversaw Dutch crops being grown in the conquered land
Took advantage of the “Roaring Forties” to get to Australia.