LCA – GHG calculation and water related issues for advanced biofuels or new pathways

1. LCA – GHG calculation and waterrelatedissuesforadvanced biofuels ornewpathways Horst Fehrenbach Workshop bytheEUROCLIMA Project onInternational cooperation in the field of bioenergy technology Santiago de Chile, 12 - 13 March 2013

2. Overview • IFEUprofile - recentand on-goingprojects • LCA: resultsfromGlyfineryproject and more … • The wayfrom LCA tosustainabilityassessment • GHGcalculation, standardizedtools • Waterrelatedissues. • Summary

3. Who weare – whatwe do • IFEU since 1978 • Independent scientific research institute • Organised as a private non profit company with currently about 60 employees • Research / consulting on environmental aspects of • - Energy (including Renewable Energy) - Transport - Waste Management - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Environmental Impact Assessment - Renewable Resources - Environmental Education • IFEU Profile • 1

4. Who weare – whatwe do • IFEU focuses regarding the topic of biomass • Research / consulting on environmental aspects of- transport biofuels - biomass-based electricity and heat - biorefinery systems - biobased materials • - agricultural goods and food - cultivation systems (conventional agriculture, organic farming) • Potentials and future scenarios • Sustainability assessment (development of criteria + methods) • standardized GHG models (BioGrace; ENZO2) • IFEU Profile • 1

5. Overview • IFEU - Recentand on-goingprojects • 1 • 4Fcrops – on behalf of FAO • Glyfinery – fundedbythe European FP7 • Biolyfe – fundedbythe European FP7 • Sweetfuel– fundedbythe European FP7 • Suprabio– fundedbythe European FP7 • BioCore– fundedbythe European FP7 • BioGraceI and II - fundedbythe European IEE • BioGlobal - on behalf of German Fed. Env. Agency (UBA)

6. Duration: 2008 – 2012 Total budget: 4.97 M € Partners: Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark BioGasol Aps, Ballerup, Denmark A&A Biotechnology, Gdynia, Poland Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, IFEU, Heidelberg, Germany MEROCO, Leopoldov, Slovakia ProChimia Surface, Sopot, Poland Glyfinery “Sustainable and integrated production of liquid biofuels, green chemicals and bioenergy from glycerol in biorefineries” • IFEU - Recentand on-goingprojects • 1

7. Suprabio Sustainable products from economic processing of biomass in highly integrated biorefineries • IFEU - Recentand on-goingprojects • 1 • Partners: Brunel University London (Coord.), Borregaard, United Utilities, Statoil, BioGasol, BTG, IMM,IFEU, Aalborg University, CoEBio3, IUS, ETC, Wuppertal Institute, AlgoSource, GreenValue Objective: Research, development and demonstration of novel intensified unit operations that can be integrated into economic and sustainable biorefinery options for the production of second-generation biofuels, intermediates and high value products. http://www.suprabio.eu/

8. BioCore ”Development and demonstration of an industrial lignocellulose biorefineryconcept” • IFEU - Recentand on-goingprojects • 1 • Partners: INRA Toulouse (coord.), Arkema, CHIMAR, CIMV, DSM, Syral, Tarkett, Chalmers, ECN, DLO, IFEU, Imperial College London, INRA, IUS, IWC, KULeuven, NOVA, NTUA, Synpo, SZIE, TERI, VTT, INRA, Transfert, Solagro, CAPAX Objective: Conceive and analyse the industrial feasibility of a biorefinery concept that will allow the conversion of cereal by-products (straws etc), forestry residues and short rotation woody crops into a wide spectrum of products including 2nd generation biofuels, chemical intermediates, polymers and materials. http://www.biocore-europe.org/

9. BioGrace • „Alignbiofuel GHG emissioncalculations in Europe“ • Consortium • Coordinator: Agentschap NL (formerly SenterNovem) • Partners BioGrace I: ADEME, BE2020, BIO-IS, CIEMAT, IFEU, EXERGIA, STEM • Partners BioGraceII: AEBIOM, BE2020, BIO-IS, IFEU, STEM • IFEU - Recentand on-goingprojects • 1 Objective: Harmonise calculations of biofuel greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions performed in EU-27 under legislation implementing the Renewable Energy and Fuel Quality directives BGII: solid and gaseous biomass for electricity/heat

10. Glyfinery - Green chemicals from biorefineries with glycerol as feedstock:a life cycle assessment • LCA results • 2 1.500 1.500 1.000 t glycerol € / t glycerol 1.000 1.000 500 500 1990 2000 2010 World glycerol production World glycerol price

11. The LCA approach ISO 14040 & 14044 for Life Cycle Assessment • LCA results • 2 Interpretation Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment

12. Fallow maintenance Co-products Equivalent products LCA –System boundary Fossil fuel Biofuel Credits • 2 • LCA results Fertiliser Fuel Pesticides Resource extraction Raw material production Agriculture Transport Processing Utilisation

13. Product Process Reference system LCA – Glyfinerysystems Conventional use • Source: IFEU 2012 • LCA results • 2 Direct material use Convent. chemical Convent. heat / power Direct use for energy Biogas Convent. heat / power Crude glycerol Innovative use Ethanol Fossil ethanolor gasoline Fossil butanol Conversion Butanol (+PDO) PDO (fossil or made of starch) PDO (fossil or made of starch) PDO

14. Example: PDO from glycerol vs. fossil PDO • Source: IFEU 2012 • LCA results • 2 Transport glycerol Fermentation material input Fermentation energy Centrifugation and filtration Solvent for extraction Distillation energy Biogas from residues: Expenditures Biogas from residues: Credit power savings Biogas from residues: Credit heat savings Biogas from residues: Credit fertilizer savings Transport product Credit savings of equivalent product Net total

15. PDO from glycerol vs. fossil PDO • Source: IFEU 2012 • LCA results • 2 Butanol from glycerol vs. fossil butanol Ethanol from glycerol vs. fossil ethanol t CO2 eq / t glycerol

16. Transport glycerol Fermentation material input Fermentation energy Centrifugation and filtration Solvent for extraction Distillation energy Biogas from residues: Expenditures Biogas from residues: Credit power savings Biogas from residues: Credit heat savings Biogas from residues: Credit fertilizer savings Transport product Credit savings of equivalent product Net total Influenceofwhatthesubstitutedequivalent • Source: IFEU 2012 • 2 • LCA results PDO: fossil PDO: starch

17. Advantages Disadvantages ß à High yield Low yield High distillation energy Typical scenario with Low distillation energy Low fossil credit best case worst case Total bandwidth t CO eq. / t glycerol -2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2 There is not just one single result of a LCA of PDO from glycerol but many, depending on the biorefinery layout, equivalent conventional products, and other system boundaries such as transport. PDO fromglycerolvs fossil PDO: greenhouse gas balance • LCA results • 2 • Source: IFEU 2012

18. Specifically: results for PDO, butanol, biogas & combustion depend on specific conditions In general: all use options for glycerol compare similarly except conversion to ethanol (worse) or direct use (better) Comparisonwithotheroptions • Source: IFEU 2012 • LCA results • 2

19. Impact assessmentcategories • LCA results • 2

20. Impact assessment  Advantages Disadvantages  Climate change • Source: IFEU 2012 • LCA results • 2 Energy demand Acidification

21. Direct material use Direct combustion  PDO Butanol Ethanol Biogas (CHP), monoferm. Biogas (CHP), coferm. Direct material use Direct combustion  PDO Butanol Ethanol Biogas (CHP), monoferm. Biogas (CHP), coferm. Direct material use Directcombustion PDO Butanol Ethanol Biogas (CHP), monoferm. Biogas (CHP), coferm. Impact assessment  Advantages Disadvantages  Eutrophication • Source: IFEU 2012 • LCA results • 2 Photosmog Ozone depletion IE / 1000 t glycerol -200 0 200 400

22. Summary • Source: IFEU 2012 • LCA results • 2 Glycerol based chemicals: Environmental impacts: • High bandwidths • PDO and butanol better than ethanol • Important: • Energy demand of product purification • Yields Best way of using glycerol: • In the near future: direct material use • May change if biodiesel production increases massively • Highest environmental potential: PDO, butanol, biogas via cofermentation & direct combustion

23. Summary • Source: IFEU 2012 • LCA results • 2 Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a suitable tool to • Analyse the environmental impacts of both, existing technologies and products as well as future ones • Identify environmental potentials to optimise environmental benefits and minimise environmental burdens • Give advice to decision makers about environmental potentials and priorities for optimisations

24. The wayfrom LCA toSustainability Assessment • Source: IFEU 2012 • From LCA toSustainabilityassessment • 3 The key issue: Life cycle assessment (LCA):is an expert tool, complicated to implement into legal process with mandatory requirements. The Discussion triggering the European “RED Way” • Addressing the Life Cycle by 1 indicator (GHG emission) • Setting strict methodical rules for the GHG calculation • Including further environmental and social themes which not covered or hard to cover by a standard LCA.

25. GHG calculation – standardizedmodels • Source: IFEU 2012 • GHG calculation – standardizedmodels • 3a RED rules: • Covering the complete life cycle • land use change. • allocation according to lower heating value of co-products • Defined comparator Still leaves methodical issues open, does not determine background data • BioGraceproject: to frame the calculation by • constituting “standard values” • providing a XLS-tool in line with the default values • and enabling the calculation of actual values.

26. BioGrace • Source: IFEU 2012 • GHG calculation – standardizedmodels • 3a I: biofuelsandotherbioliquids II: solid andgaseousbiomassforelectricity/heat/cooling: • Spreadsheets in line with RED rules; recognition by the EU Commission forthcoming. • Spreadsheets cover the pathways corresponding with the default values. • Spreeadsheets can be adapted to actual situationsalso for advanced techniques and for biochemicals.

27. Other Tools harmonizedwithBioGrace • Source: IFEU 2012 • GHG calculation – standardizedmodels • 3a • ENZO2developed by IFEU Germany • CALCUGEI developed by Ciemat Spain • DfA carbon calculatordeveloped by E4Tech, UK NOT YET HARMONIZEDbut aiming for • RSB Tool (RED related)

28. Waterrelatedissues • Water-relatedissues • 3b Wateruseanddischargeofwaterpollutantsaregenerallyconsideredwithintheinventoryof an LCA However: • LCA does not considerregional/localcircumstances • Water scarcity and pollution are regional/local adversities. The RED requires: “… economic operators shall submit reliable information on measures taken for measures taken for soil, water and air protection and the avoidance of excessive water consumption in areas where water is scarce …”

29. Need for a practicalindicator • excessive water consumption by biomassproduction might worsen water scarcity. •  need for a scheme to identify excessive water consumption • 2. Areas where water is scarce need to be classified. need for an indicator • Water-relatedissues • 3b

30. Identifyareas where water is scarce e.g. water stress index: WS = WU / WA Ws = national waterscarcity WU = total withdrawalwithincountry(m3/a) WA = national wateravailibility (m3/a) • Water-relatedissues • 3b

31. Need forscheme • Oeko-Institut/IFEU (2009) • Water-relatedissues • 3b

32. Summary • 4 • Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a suitable tool to • Analyse the environmental impacts of both, existing technologies and products as well as future ones • Identify environmental potentials to optimise environmental benefits and minimise environmental burdens • Give advice to decision makers about environmental potentials and priorities for optimisations • Whenappliedfor legal requirementsthereisneedfor • Focus (e.g. selectonly GHG) • Methodical and data-relatedharmonization • Someimpactsare relevant at local/regional level and needspecificapproaches (water, soil, biodiversity)

33. ThankyouforyourattentionMuchas graciasporsuatención • Thanks horst.fehrenbach@ifeu.de+49 6221 4767-16 maria.mueller-lindenlauf@ifeu.de nils.rettenmaier@ifeu.de guido.reinhardt@ifeu.de anna.hennecke@ifeu.de susanne.koeppen@ifeu.de sven.gaertner@ifeu.de heiko.keller@ifeu.de IFEU expertsforbiomass