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Greece as a part of the Ottoman Empire

Greece as a part of the Ottoman Empire . The Turkish Domination. Difficulties of the enslaved Greeks: Heavy taxes , such as: - capitation (“ charatsi ”) , a tax for the human life - tithe , giving one tenth of the agrarian production to the state

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Greece as a part of the Ottoman Empire

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  1. Greece as a part of the Ottoman Empire

  2. The Turkish Domination • Difficulties of the enslaved Greeks: • Heavy taxes, such as: - capitation (“charatsi”), a tax for the human life - tithe, giving one tenth of the agrarian production to the state • Mass kidnapping of children, specifically of 6-7 years old boys, in order to become dedicated Muslim soldiers (janissary) • The most fertile lands in Turkish hands • Constant danger of violent islamization crypto-Christians (sometimes) • Closure of the Greek schools – Escape of the Greek intelligentsia to the West

  3. The Turkish Domination • Enforcement factors: • Traditions & myths about the day of freedom – Folk songs • Development of the trade  peddlers – caravan-sarays, khans • National union through religion – Significant enforcing role of the Orthodox Church – Basic Greek education through the monasteries & the priests (“secret school”) • Preservation of the communal administration system

  4. The Turkish Domination • “Privileged” groups: • Patriarch, who moved to the Phenerquarter of Constantinople, was recognized as the religious & national leader of the Greek nation & was responsible of the loyalty of the Greeks to the Ottoman authority • Elders (“proestoi”), who were the notable leaders of a local area & were responsible for collecting the taxes & reassuring the peace in the area

  5. The Turkish Domination • Phanariotes, who were educated Greeks living in Phener& usually became translators of the Great Gate or governors of the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia & Wallachia) • Greek Diaspora, in the big European centers (e.g. Vienna, Odessa, Bucharest, etc.) • Klephts, who were resisting against the Ottoman authority • Armatoloi, who were responsible for the local peace but were many times helping the klephts

  6. The Turkish Domination • False attempts ofrevolution, usually based on the wished help of the Orthodox Russian Empire, which was a traditional enemy of the Ottoman Empire • 1769-1770 Orlofica (the most important attempt of all) • Spots of resistance in inaccessible locations, such as Souli, Mani & Sfakia

  7. Greek areas under Latin Domination • Domination of Crete, Cyprus, Ionian & Aegean Islands by the Italian mercantile states (Genoa, Venice, etc.) • Poetry & theatre in the local dialect (e.g. “Erotokritos”, etc.) • Hagiography ( Theophanes the Cretan & Michael Damaskinos, the teacher of El Greco)

  8. Greek areas under Latin Domination

  9. Modern Greek Enlightenment • 18th -19th c. AD Literal movement, which aimed to the education of the Greek nation, in order to regain its freedom • Foundation of Greek schools & teaching of the Greek language • Publication of Greek books in the centers of Greek Diaspora • Declarations of the significance of education freedom, equality & democracy

  10. Modern Greek Enlightenment • Representatives: • AdamantiosKorais (establisher of the purist language (“kathareuousa”)) • EugeniosVoulgaris • Kosmas of Aetolia • RigasFeraios (dreamer of an independent democratic Balkan federation), etc.

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