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International Marine & Offshore Engineering Conference

Sustainable Use Of The Ocean: The Role Of Marine Technologists Omar bin Yaakob , FRINA, C. Eng. Marine Technology Centre Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. International Marine & Offshore Engineering Conference Al Jubail Saudi Arabia 3rd & 4th September 2014. www.utm.my.

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International Marine & Offshore Engineering Conference

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  1. Sustainable Use Of The Ocean: The Role Of Marine Technologists Omar bin Yaakob, FRINA, C. Eng. Marine Technology Centre UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia International Marine & Offshore Engineering Conference Al Jubail Saudi Arabia 3rd & 4th September 2014 www.utm.my

  2. Universiti Teknologi Malaysiawww.utm.my1,177 Hectares Campus Located in Johor Bahru (near Singapore)

  3. PRESENTATION OUTLINE 1. Sustainability And Sustainable Development2. Ocean Sustainability3. Three Sustainability Issues in Shipping 3.1 Marine Pollution 3.2 Alien Invasion!! 3.3 The Carbon Dioxide Twin Menace4. Improving Ship Efficiency5. Ocean Renewable Energy6. Preparing Future Ship Designers And Marine Engineers7. Concluding Remarksx

  4. Sustainability and sustainable development

  5. Sustainable Development Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Our Common Future(Bruntland Report), 1987 A dynamic process which enables all people to realise their potential and improve their quality of life in ways which simultaneously protect and enhance the Earth’s support systems Forum for the Future (UK) Economic Environmental Social

  6. Sustainable Way of Life “A way of life that safeguards and enhances our resources, prevents harm to the natural environment and human health, and sustains and benefits the community and local economy – for the sake of current and future generations.” -Santa Monica Sustainable City Program

  7. Key events in sustainable development discourse 1983-1987World Commission on Environment and Development (known as the Brundtland Commission). "Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable - to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” 1992The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Rio de Janeiro. o Rio Declaration on Environment and Development o Agenda 21 o Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

  8. UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCC) • Entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of March 2014, UNFCCC has 196 parties. • The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. • 1997, the Kyoto Protocol established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. • 16th COP in Cancún agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level

  9. UN Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. (Rio +20) Outcome: A document, entitled “The Future We Want”. Governments agreed that the UN General Assembly should launch a process to establish a set of specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with a strategy to finance their implementation. To develop the SDGs, a 30-member Open Working Group of the UN General Assembly was established in January 2013.

  10. Ocean sustainability

  11. Inputs from the Ocean Stakeholders: Sustainable development goal for oceans and coasts to face the challenges for our future ocean: Ensure basic life-sustaining and regulating functions of the oceans; Ensure a healthy and productive marine environment to sustain all provisioning and non-provisioning services of oceans and coasts; Build resilient coastal communities through mitigation and adaptation strategies, innovation and sustainable development, by sharing benefits and responsibilities; Engage in integrated and multi-level ocean governance. The proposal does not contain any timelines or indicators. Prof. MartinVisbeck et al., Kiel University, Germany (2013; http://fileserver.futureocean.org/forschung/r1/ocean_sustainability_visbeck_et_al.pdf).

  12. Inputs from the Ocean Stakeholders: Healthy seas and oceans (blue economy) with five priority areas: Protection of marine biodiversity; Elimination of unsustainable fishing practices; Reduction of marine pollution; Monitoring of ocean acidification; Conservation of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Civil Society Organizations at 64th Annual UN Department of Public Information NGO Conference (2011; http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/ngoconference/resources/final)

  13. IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP (2011), A BLUEPRINT FOR OCEAN AND COASTAL SUSTAINABILITY, PARIS: IOC/UNESCO, UNITED NATIONS

  14. Implement Urgent Actions to Mitigate and Adapt to Ocean Acidification Develop and Execute a Global Program aimed at Greater Protection and Restoration of Vital Ocean and Coastal Habitats, and develop a Global Blue Carbon Market as a means of Creating Direct Economic Gain through Habitat Protection Strengthen the Legal Framework to Effectively Address Aquatic Invasive Species Build Green Societies in Small Island Developing States:Addressing Key Vulnerabilities Increase Efforts for Responsible Fisheries and Aquaculture in a Green Economy IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP (2011). A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability. Paris: IOC/UNESCO, United Nations

  15. Green the Nutrient Economy and Reduce Ocean Hypoxia through Policy, Regulatory and Economic Instruments that Promote Nutrient Efficiency and Recovery Create and Implement an Institutional and Legal Framework to Protect Habitats and Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Reform Regional Ocean Management Organisations Enhance Coordination, Coherence and Effectiveness of the UN System on Oceans Issues Increase Institutional and Human Capacity for Sustained Observations, Monitoring, Marine Research, and Progress Evaluation of International Commitments IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP (2011). A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability. Paris: IOC/UNESCO, United Nations

  16. International Maritime Organisation, Sustainable Maritime Transportation System, London, 2013.

  17. “..A Sustainable Maritime Transportation System … entail partnerships between Governments, ship builders, classification societies, manufacturers, R&D establishments and academic institutions. The maritime transport industry should take advantage of new technology in order to maximize its environmental performance as well as to enhance safety, and be prepared for new cargo types and new trades. …” International Maritime Organisation, Sustainable Maritime Transportation System, London, 2013.

  18. Latest Updates on SDGs: In July 2014 UN Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) submitted seventeen SDGs to the UN General Assembly, including Ocean SDG. Goal: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development".

  19. Specific Targets of The Ocean SDGinclude: Preventing and significantly reducing marine pollution of all kinds – by 2025. Sustainably managing and protecting marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts – by 2020. Minimizing and addressing the impacts of ocean acidification – no target date. Restoring fish stocks by regulating harvesting, ending overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing, and implementing science-based management – by 2020.

  20. Conserving at least 10% of coastal and marine areas – by 2020. Prohibiting certain fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminating subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing, and refraining from introducing new such subsidies – by 2020. Increasing the economic benefits to small island developing states and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources – by 2030.

  21. (TOP) Three sustainability issues IN shipping

  22. Global Warming Ocean Acidification

  23. Marine pollution

  24. Pollution 25

  25. Regulations/Conventions • MARPOL 73/78 • Annexe I (oil) • Annexe II (chemicals in bulk) • Annexe III (chemicals in packaged form) • Annexe IV (sewage) • Annexe V (garbage) • Annexe VI (air emissions) Pollution

  26. Global Warming Ocean Acidification

  27. Alien invasion!!

  28. Harm: Clogging, Alteration of food web & habitat • Estimated Costs for Cleaning Pipelines of Power Plants- US$1~5b • Source: TRB Special Report 291, 2008. Great Lakes Shipping, Trade and Aquatic Invasive Species; Alien Invasive Species and the oil and gas industry-Guidance for prevention and management, Report 436, 2010. Invasion of alien Species

  29. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the Ballast Water Management or BWM Convention) Ballast Water Convention 2004. • Two standards: • D1 – Ballast Water Exchange • D2 – Ballast water Treatment for all ships from 2016* • REQUIRED FOR RATIFICATION: 30 COUNTRIES/35% WORLD TONNAGE • AS OF NOW: 38/30.38%

  30. Elements of BWM Balaji, R., Yaakob, O. and Koh, K.K. (2014). A Review of Developments in Ballast Water Management. Environmental Reviews. doi: 10.1139/er-2013-0073.

  31. BWM: Balllast Water Treatment Options

  32. BWT with Shipboard Waste Heat + Additional System Balaji, R. and Yaakob, O. (2012). An analysis of shipboard waste heat availability for ballast water treatment. Journal of Marine Engineering and Technology. 11(2):15-29.

  33. Global Warming Ocean Acidification

  34. The carbon dioxide TWIN MENACE

  35. Carbon Dioxide Global warming (Green House effect) Ocean Acidification

  36. Credit: Richard A. Feely, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA, with atmospheric data from Pieter Tans and seawater data from David Karl. Adapted from Feely (2008) in Levinson and Lawrimore (eds), Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, 89(7): S58.

  37. “Our study showed that all animal groups we considered are affected negatively by higher carbon dioxide concentrations. Corals, echinoderms and mollusks above all react very sensitively to a decline in the pH value,” Astrid Wittmann. Read more at http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112931596/ocean-acidification-affects-species-differently-082613/#TzHmHMYoG6fTkVV8.99

  38. Large Tanker 1 Large Containership 3 Railway 6 Coastal Carrier 11 Standard-size Commercial Truck 49 Small-size Commercial Truck 226 Airplane 398 0 100 200 300 400 Units Relative CO2 Emissions per Unit Load by Transport Mode Source:Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan): The Survey on Transport Energy 2001/2002 MOL (Japan): Environmental and Social Report 2004 Shipping energy efficient

  39. Second IMO GHG Study 2009: 2007 CO2 Emissions For International Shipping in million tonnes CO2 • 1Consensus estimate: 843 million tonnes CO2 = 2.7%

  40. World Fleet Fuel Consumption (2007) Bottom-up (Activity-based) estimates Top-down (Fuel-sales) data

  41. Landmark decision during MEPC 62, (11-15 July 2011) Parties to MARPOL Annex VI of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted (by voting 48-5) mandatory measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from international shipping. This the first ever mandatory global greenhouse gas reduction regime for an international industry sector.

  42. The amendments to MARPOL Annex VI Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships, add a new chapter 4 to Annex VI on Regulations on energy efficiency for ships to make mandatory the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI),for new ships from 1st January 2013, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships.

  43. EEDI APPLICABILITY for new vessels: o Tankers o Bulk carriers o Gas Tankers o Containership o General cargo Ships o Refrigerated Cargo carrier o Combination Carrier o Passenger Ships o Ro-ro cargo ships SEEMP will be required for all ships including MODU, FPSO and FSU. For existing ships, the verification of the requirements to have SEEMP on board shall take place t the first immediate or renewal survey whichever is first on or after 1st January 2013.

  44. EEDI and SEEMP Effects Scenario: A1B Optimistic 4000 Technical measures 3500 Operational measures EEDI 39% Alternative fuels 3000 2500 SEEMP 28% 2000 Mt CO2 1500 1000 MBM 500 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

  45. …Depending on future economic and energy developments, this study's BAU scenarios project an increase (in maritime CO2) by 50% to 250% in the period to 2050…

  46. IMPROVING SHIP EFFICIENCY

  47. Carbon Dioxide Global warming (Green House effect) Ocean Acidification • Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships • Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships using the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as monitoring tool and for benchmarking INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF SHIPS

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