Imperialism

1. Imperialism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HjCohgVuyE

2. Workbook • Page 145 1, 2, 3 and 4 • Page 146 6, 7 and 10 • Page 150 All • Page 151 All • Page 154 1 & 2 • Page 155 ALL • Page 158 2-5 • Page 159 All

3. International trade: Countries need raw materials to manufacture goods. This is done through international trade. Manufactured goods are sold worldwide for profit. Unfortunately, not all countries benefit from world trade.

4. Industrialized or developed (wealthy) countries tend to exploit (take advantage of) developing, poorer countries. Non-industrialized or developing (poor) countries sell its natural resources at a low cost because they are desperate for money. A natural resource is anything that people can use which comes from nature.

5. Nationalist movements A colonist is someone who lives on a colony. A colony is land that is controlled by a powerful country (known as the mother country) Any country that invades and occupies other countries around the world is regarded as an imperialist force. Eventually these occupied countries fight back to reclaim their sovereignty (independence).

6. Why do South Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese? • If Spain and Portugal are both found in Europe, why do South Americans speak their languages and practise their religion?

7. South American colonies, such as Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Chile and Peru forced Portugal and Spain to grant them independence in the late 19th century.

8. The end of slavery Africans were forced into slavery on the plantations in America. This would eventually violate human rights. Christian values deemed slavery to be unjust and cruel. As a result, European countries were pressured to put an end to it.

9. 19th-century engraving of Arab slave-trading caravan transporting African slaves across the Sahara. By 1850… Most colonies had become sovereign countries (no longer controlled by mother country). Europeans stopped trading Africans. In 1848, France ended slavery in the French colonies.

10. French Laws Regarding Slavery Article 1 • stated that slavery was abolished in all the colonies. Article 8 • forbade any Frenchman to possess, to buy and to sell slaves etc.

11. Then… Europe began colonizing Africa, Asia and the South Sea Islands (1850s). WHY? 1. Economic motive: Europe had most of the world’s factories. Europe, however, needed… Raw materials to make things More places to sell factory-made goods To invest money in new companies

12. European countries needed raw materials from other countries.

13. 2. Political and social motives: Controlling other countries gave them prestige. Europeans moved to the colonies because their own countries were overpopulated Nearly 50 million Europeans moved to the colonies by the 1850s.

14. How did Europeans colonize Africa? By 1914, Europe had explored and taken almost complete control of Africa Africans were taken over by force The main colonizers were: United Kingdom, France, Belgium and Germany

15. Why explore Africa? • Natural resources (raw materials to make things) • Excellent soil and climate (growing crops)

17. After conquering the coast of Africa, the Europeans began exploring the interior. Africans were no match for well-armed Europeans.

18. The Berlin Conference Other Europeans hoped to have a share in Africa too. Their race to take possession of it was called the “scramble for Africa”. The meeting was organised by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and represented 15 countries. The purpose of this meeting was to settle the differences between European countries competing for African colonies.

19. Agreement included: Everyone could use the Congo and Nile rivers for shipping.

20. 3. Importing weapons into Africa was illegal. 4. In order to “possess” a region, a colonizing country needed to occupy it. 2. Slavery and the slave trade was illegal.

21. European imperialism in Africa Imperialism is a system in which a rich and powerful country controls other countries. Racial discrimination: Europeans felt superior to Africans They believed Africans were inferior to them

22. The idea of racial superiority was promoted through newspapers and school textbooks.

23. Economic exploitation Europeans (merchants & entrepreneurs) made their way into Africa and built canals, roads, and railway lines(infrastructure). Mines were built and exploited too. Africans were underpaid & exposed to bad work conditions.

24. Africa was solely used to get raw materials Raw materials were processed back in Europe Europeans had all the manufacturing jobs

25. Suez Canal The Suez canal bridged the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. European ships had to cross Suez Canal to transport raw materials and finished products to and from Africa.

26. Colonies could only trade with their mother countries(known as “colonial pact”) • A colony provided its mother country the raw materials needed to make things (low cost) • The mother country sold these manufactured goods to its colonies (at a profit) • Europe used this system to control the world.

27. Resistance to colonization • Some began to criticize Europe's domination over Africa as early as the 1890’s. • Journalists and politicians began to criticize and challenge Europe's presence in Africa. • Resistance and protests in the colonies were unsuccessful and the African continent was colonized.

28. What were the three effects of European imperialism • Economic effects • Europe became wealthy at the expense of Africa. • Industrialized countries (wealthy countries that had factories) were located in Europe. • Non-industrialized countries (poor countries without factories) were only allowed to extract (remove) raw materials.

29. By the 1950's, Africa won their freedom from the Europeans, but were left without any manufacturing infrastructure (factories, roads etc.), no industry and no capital (money in government banks).

30. 2. Cultural effects • Africans adopted many aspects of European cultures, at the expense of their own: • Many Africans converted to Christianity • Africans attended European-built schools and learned their conqueror's language, history, and way of life

31. 3. Human and political effects • Africans who resisted colonization were killed. • Others died because of harsh work conditions and cruel punishments. • Europeans even passed discriminatory laws. • Blacks were not allowed to live in white neighbourhoods in the Congo.

32. Europeans re-arranged African territories and kingdoms. • As a result, different ethnic & religious groups were forced to co-exist in the same regions. • This led to ongoing conflicts and wars once the Europeans left.

33. Effects of European Imperialism on international relations • Europeans still fought over the division of Africa in spite of the agreement made at the Berlin conference. Two significant conflicts: • In 1898, England and France fought over Sudan for control over the Nile. • England won.

34. From 1905-6 and 1911, France and Germany disputed over Morocco. • In 1913, the arms race between England, France, and Germany began to intensify! • World War One in 1914!

35. These 3 countries were highly industrialized and had the means to make large quantities of weapons. • Germany is an example of a high industrialized country in the early 20th century. The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old Germandynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steelproduction and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century.

36. White King, Red Rubber, Black Death http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_ZH2_pjqLQ

37. King Leopold II of Belgium • He is famous as one of the most brutal colonial ruler of the 19th century for his policies in central Africa. • He was the founder and owner of the Congo Free State and used slave labor and torture on the Africans to extract raw materials (rubber, ivory, minerals, etc.) to build his personal fortune. • In 1908, criticism of his rule forced his withdrawal as ruler.

38. Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904) • He was a British explorer who went to Africa for the first time as a journalist in search of another explorer, David Livingstone. • 1885, he founded the Congo Free State with King Leopold ll. • Africans named him “stone-breaker” because of his brutality towards them. Henry Stanley is in charge of his African men: "If you drop that, I will shoot!". He must have been really proud of himself as the drawing is from Stanley's own book "How I found Livingstone".

39. King Leopold II of Belgium • 1870s: Begins his colonial project in central Africa • 1885: Formally acquires Congo territory as his own private property, naming it Congo Free State
 • 1885-1908: Leopold and his army terrorize inhabitants in pursuit of resources (RUBBER). An estimated 10 million Congolese, half the population, die

40. 1908: Belgian parliament takes over Congo Free State from Leopold, renaming it Belgian Congo • 1959: Major nationalist riots in the capital threaten Belgium's control over Belgian Congo territory • May 1960: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) party wins parliamentary elections. Patrice Lumumba becomes prime minister. Joseph Kasavubu is elected President. • June 30, 1960: Belgian Congo gains independence, becoming Republic of Congo Patrice Lumumba became the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, and was killed in 1961.

41. Samory Touré (1837 to 1900) • Samori Ture was the founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic state in present-day Guinea that resisted French colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until Ture‘s capture in 1898.