Imperialism

1. Imperialism

2. Motives of Imperialism • Economic interests • Military Motives • Religious Goals: Christianization • Social Darwinism • A sense of racial superiority • This applied the rules of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies.

3. THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN • Poem written in 1899 by Rudyard Kipling • It outlined the idea that it was a duty of the western countries to help less advantaged peoples • Included ideas about sharing Religion, technology & medicine.

4. The Partition of Africa • 1800s, Britain, France, Germany, and other European powers began a scramble for African territories • Within 20 years, the Europeans had carved up the continent and dominated millions of Africans Africa in the Early 1800s • Huge continent, hundreds of languages, varied governments

5. North Africa • Sahara and lands along Mediterranean. • Mostly Muslim…north dominated by Ottoman Empire • Usman dan Fodio helps establish a strong Muslim state in northern Nigeria…inspired other reforms in West Africa

6. East Africa • Mostly Islamic…port cities (Mombasa) profited from trade, often slaves Southern Africa • The Zulu Kingdom led by Shaka dominated the region. • 1814- The Boers (Dutch) were migrating north to avoid the new British rule. • Fighting ensued between the Zulus and Boers.

7. Impact of the Slave Trade • 1800s- Euro. Slave trade was outlawed • East Africa slave trade continued • Sierra Leone (British) and Liberia (USA) drew freed slaves

8. European Contact Increases • 1500s-1700s Europeans traded with Africans along the coast…Africans wanted to trade, but not house them. • Resistance, geography, and disease kept Euros from moving inland…medical advances and river steamships changed that in the 1800s

9. Explorers Advance Into Africa’s Interior • Explorers set out to map Africa and explored the Niger, Congo, and Nile rivers. • They were fascinated by the geography, but had little understanding of the people

10. Missionaries Follow Explorers • Catholic and Protestant missionaries built schools and medical clinics…took a paternalistic view of Africans Livingston Blazes a Trail • The most famous was Dr. Livingstone • More sympathy and less biased view, and opposed the slave trade…though trade and Christianity would rob Africans of tradition and culture • He disappeared into the continent for over thirty years and when he was finally tracked down by the Journalist Henry Stanley the famous quote “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” was coined.

11. A Scramble for Colonies • King Leopold II of Belgium opens up trade with Congo. • Spoke of a civilizing mission, but privately dreamed of conquest • Leopold inspired other Euro leaders as Britain, France, and Germany were pressing rival claims to the region.

12. Berlin Conference • Wanting to keep pace with Belgium, France, Germany and Great Britain begin racing to colonize the continent of Africa. • 1884- A country could not claim any part of Africa without first setting up a government office there…leads to direct ruled colonies • 20 years the entire continent was claimed

13. Horrors in the Congo • Leopold and the Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo • African workers were savagely beaten or mutilated as villages were brutalized. France Extends Its Influence • Took a giant share…invaded and conquered Algeria, Tunisia, West and Central Africa, etc.

14. Britain Takes Its Share • Scattered empire…parts of West and East Africa, defeated the Boers (formerly Dutch) to control South Africa..gold is discovered in Boer lands Others Join the Scramble • Portugal, Italy, Germany all took shares

15. Africans Resist Imperialism • Europeans did face armed resistance • Algerians battled French, Zulus battled British, Yao and Heroro battled Germans in East Africa Ethiopia Survives • The Ethiopian leader Menelik II had modernized his country…when Italy invaded in 1896 the Ethiopians crushed the invaders • Ethiopia and Liberia were the only African nation to preserve independence

16. A New African Elite Emerges • A western educated elite emerged. • These middle class Africans would lead independence movements in the 1900s

17. 12.3-European Claims in Muslim Regions STRESSES IN MUSLIMS REGIONS • All three Muslim regions were in decline (Ottoman (in the Middle East), Safavids (in Persia), and the Mughals (in India) due to corruption and lack of government control • In the Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad, claimed he was the Mahdi (savior) or the faith, and he and his followers resisted British expansion into the region • The Wahhabi movement in Arabia worked to recapture the teachings of Muhammad • The Muslim empires also faced the threat of Western Imperialism

18. Problems for the Ottoman Empire • Internal nationalist revolts broke out in N. Africa, E. Europe, and the Middle East (the Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians gained independence) • European countries sought to seize former Ottoman lands…Russia wanted access to the Meditereanean Sea • Some Ottoman rulers westernized (education,medical) (Young Turks overthrew the Sultan of Turkey) • Armenian Genocide- Muslim Turks killed the Christian Armenians out of fears they were supporting the Russian plans against the Ottomans

19. Egypt Seeks to Modernize • Egypt was a semi-independent province of the Ottoman Empire • Muhammad Ali (“father of modern Egypt”) introduced reforms-political, economic, landholding, and agriculture • M.A. successors came under foreign control • Egypt owed high interest loans to Europeans…Egypt paid off debts by selling shares of the Suez Canal to the British • After a revolt, Britain made Egypt a protectorate

20. Persia and the European Powers • The Qajar Shahs (1794-1925) attempted to modernize (telegraph and RRs, and liberal constitution) • Great Britain and Russian each established a sphere of influence • OIL!!!- European interest intensified with this discovery in Iran

21. 12.4-THE BRITISH TAKE OVER INDIA EAST INDIAN COMPANY AND REBELLION • 1800s- British East India Company controlled 3/5s of India • The British exploited Indian diversity: encouraged competition and disunity among rival provinces, however they did bring western education and legal procedures • Sepoys- Indian soldiers: forced to fight overseas and told to bite bullets before loading…bullets were greased in animal fats (cows- Hindu/ Pigs- Muslims)…those who refused were imprisoned • Sepoy Rebellion- Early successes were crushed by the British…the British responded by sending more troops and exerting more control • British took over for B.E.I.C.

22. Impact of British Colonial Rule • The British parliament set up a system of colonial rule- British Raj • A viceroy governed in the name of the queen. • Indian was the “brightest jewel” in the crown of the empire • India faced deforestation, over population, and famine • Benefits- peace and order to the country side, railroads, postal communication

23. Different Views of Culture • 1- Some Indians welcomed the western ways • 2- Others felt the answer lay in their religion (Hinduism or Islam) • Ram Mohun Roy combined both views • He promoted Indian cultural pride while seeing the value in Western education… is often call the founder of Indian nationalism • Condemned purdah (isolation of Indian women in separate quarters

24. Indian Nationalism Grows • Western educated Indians led nationalist movements • Indian National Congress- supported Western- modernization but desired self rule…peaceful • Muslim League- Muslims were weary of the Hindu dominated INC • Soon were talking of a separate Muslim state

25. China and the New Imperialism • China experienced a favorable balance of trade (export more` than import) for centuries…this shifted towards negative due to the influence of western powers • China’s restrictions of foreign trades gave them a trade surplus (traded Chinese goods for silver and gold, imported less than export)…this would reverse in the 1800s and 1900s…trade deficit- import more than export • Opium War- GB traded opium (from India) for Chinese tea…soon many addicted Chinese started buying opium with silver, disrupting the economy • China outlawed opium, executed drug dealers and demanded that stop the trade…they refused • China fought a losing war with British

26. Launching Reform Efforts Open Door Policy- keep Chinese trade open for all countries, equally…protect US trading right with China Guang Xu- 100 Days of Reform- modernize civil service exams, streamline government, encourage industry Qing Dynasty Falls Sun Yixian- President of the new Chinese republic after the fall of the Qing Dynasty`