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CHEMISTRY for BIOLOGY

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CHEMISTRY for BIOLOGY

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    1. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 1 CHEMISTRY for BIOLOGY

    2. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 2 CHEMISTRY for BIOLOGY Atomic structure, ionic bonding previously studied. Review in text if necessary.

    3. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 3 CHNOPS

    4. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 4 CHNOPS CHNOPS elements usually form covalent bonds. Electrons shared ? stability

    5. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 5 Examples of covalent bonding

    6. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 6 Carbon Carbon atoms form covalent bonds to carbon atoms. Carbon chains form "backbones" of organic molecules. Various lengths "Functional groups" may be attached to carbon chains. determine properties of molecules cause diversity of organic molecules

    7. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 7 "Functional groups:" 4 to know

    8. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 8 "Functional groups" Any or all functional groups may be attached to a carbon backbone to make alcohols, acetic acid, fatty acids, sugars, amino acids, etc.

    9. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 9 CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, and PROTEINS Simple molecules built by covalent bonding and addition of functional groups. Biological polymers built of simple molecules Assembled and disassembled in a regular way.

    10. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 10 CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides = "Simple sugars" glucose, fructose, etc. Disaccharides Polysaccharides

    11. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 11 CARBOHYDRATES "Simple sugars" = monosaccharides Used as cellular "fuel," source of energy (as gasoline for engine)

    12. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 12 Disaccharides: Monosaccharide molecules react to form disaccharides.

    13. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 13 Synthesis = dehydration synthesis Removal of OH + H forms water, H2O Leaves bonding sites that join monosaccharide units.

    14. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 14 Disassembly = hydrolysis Break bond between monosaccharide units. Add OH + H to fill bonding sites.

    15. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 15 Polysaccharides Built up of monosaccharide units by dehydration synthesis. Disassembly by hydrolysis.

    16. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 16 Polysaccharides Examples: Glycogen - stored fuel in liver, muscle cells Starch - stored energy in plants, digestible (hydrolysis) Cellulose - plant cell walls, indigestible (dietary fiber) Chitin - arthropod exoskeletons, indigestible

    17. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 17 FATS Assembled of glycerol + 3 fatty acids by dehydration synthesis. Glycerol = 3-carbon chain with 3 hydroxyl groups Fatty acid = long carbon backbone with carboxyl group at one end bonding sites at sides filled with hydrogen

    18. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 18 Synthesis = dehydration synthesis Remove H from glycerol and OH from fatty acids Leaves bonding sites to form fat or oil

    19. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 19 Disassembly = hydrolysis Reverse arrow-- Break bonds between fatty acid & glycerol units Insert H + OH from water

    20. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 20 LIPIDS Larger group containing fats Fats mostly “saturated” fatty acids, solid at room temperature Oils some “unsaturated” fatty acids, liquid at room temperature Waxes larger poly-alcohols with long chain fatty acids

    21. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 21 LIPIDS Phospholipids glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate-containing acid

    22. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 22 LIPIDS Steroids unlike other lipids, 4-ring structure

    23. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 23 PROTEINS Proteins are polymers of amino acids amino acid structure “R” can be anything

    24. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 24 Amino acids Examples: 20 “R” groups ? 20 kinds of amino acids in all biological chemistry. All 20 in Appendix C, p. A4 (1164).

    25. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 25 PROTEINS Globular hemoglobin myoglobin hormones insulin, glucagon, growth hormone antibodies receptors ENZYMES Structural/Fibrous keratin epidermis, hair, nails collagen tendons, ligaments silks

    26. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 26 PROTEINS: ENZYMES Biological polymers (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) must be assembled precisely!! Chemical processes must occur in proper sequence. Chemical processes require energy (heat) for activation. Reactions occur very slowly at body temperature. Add heat to speed up reaction ? undesirable reactions How to control reactions at moderate temperature? Answer = . . .

    27. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 27 ENZYMES Enzymes = biological catalysts Properties SPECIFICITY: 1 enzyme ? 1 reaction LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY: increased reaction rate CONTROL (regulation): Enzymes can be “switched on” or “off.”

    28. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 28 Process of catalysis: Enzyme attaches temporarily to substrate(s) at active site. Reaction occurs. Product released.

    29. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 29 Importance of enzymes Enzymatic reactions occur in sequence to make natural products. Abnormal enzymes can produce abnormal products.

    30. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 30 Nucleic acids Polymers of nucleotides 3 parts of nucleotide 5-C sugar (ribose, deoxyribose) Base (A, C, G, T or U) Phosphate

    31. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 31 Nucleic acids Base pairing in DNA A with T C with G Information storage Stability

    32. 19 Aug. 2009 Chemistry.ppt 32 ATP A special nucleotide Primary “fuel” for cell metabolism.

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