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The Chemistry of Biology. BY: Scott Fox, Kayla Brisco , Alexis Lambert, & Izzy Sanchez. Solutions. Solutions is a mixture of one or more substances called “Solutes”. An important characteristic of a solution is that the solute cannot be separated by filtration or ordinary settling.
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The Chemistry of Biology BY: Scott Fox, Kayla Brisco, Alexis Lambert, & Izzy Sanchez
Solutions • Solutions is a mixture of one or more substances called “Solutes”. An important characteristic of a solution is that the solute cannot be separated by filtration or ordinary settling. • Water is the most common solvent in natural systems.
Solutions (Continued) • Hydrated means that it is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules. Molecules such as salt or sugar that attract water to their surface are termed hydrophilic. • Nonpolar molecules, such as benxene, that repel water are considered hydrophobic. • A third class of molecules, such as the phospholipids in cell membranes, are considered antipathy because they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
Solutions • The concentration of solution express the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. • It can be calculated by weight, volume, or percentage. • A common way to calculate percentage of concentratin is to use the weight of solute, measured in grams(g), dissolved in a specific volume of solvent, measured in milliters (ml).
pH Scale • To measure of the acid and base concentrations of solutions, scientist use the pH scale, a graduated numerical scale that ranges from 0 (the most acidic) to 14 (the most basic) • This scale is a useful standard for rating relative acidity and basicity. • pH=-log[H+] (Formula)
The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds • Inorganic Chemicals a chemical is usually inorganic if it does not contain both carbon and hydrogen. • Example: If inorganic chemicals include NaCl (sodium chloride), Mg3(Po4)2 (magnesium phosphate), CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), and CO2 (carbon dioxide). • In reality, however, most of the chemical reactions and structures of living things invlolve more complex molecules, termed organic chemicals.
Function Groups of Organic Compounds • Functional groups • Functional groups help define the chemical class of certain groups of organic compounds and confer unique reactive properties on the whole molecule.
Macromolecules and Their Functions • Carbohydrates: Saccharides, Poly-, Mono-, and Di- • Ex: Glucose, fructose, maltose(malt sugar), lactose(sugar in dairy products), sucrose( table sugar), starch • Sugars involved in metabolic reactions; building block of disaccharides and polysaccharides
Carbohydrates: Sugar and Polysaccharides • The term carbohydrate originates from the composition of members of this class: they are combinations of carbon (carbo-) and water (-hydrate). • Carbohydrates exist in a great variety of configurations. The common term sugar (saccharide) refers to a simple carbohydrate such as a monosaccharide or a disaccharide
Continued • A monosaccharide is a simple sugar containing from 3 to 7 carbons; a disaccharide is a combination of two monosaccharides; polysaccharide is a polymer of five or more monosaccharides bound in a linear or branched chain patterns. • Example: hexoses are composed of 6 carbons, and pentoses contain 5 carbons. Glucose (Gr. sweet) is the most common and universally important hexose; fructose is named for fruit (one place where it is found).
The Nature of Carbohydrate Bonds • The subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides are linked by means of glycosidic bonds, in which carbons (each is assigned a number) on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain. • Dehydration synthesis is a process common to most polymerization reactions. Three polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, and glycogen) are structurally and biochemically distinct.
The Functions of Polysaccharides • The cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae derive their strength and rigidity from cellulose, a long, fibrous polymer. • Agar, an indispensable polysaccharide in preparing solid culture media, is a natural component of certain seaweeds. • The cell wall of gram-negative bacteria also contains lipopolysaccharides, complex lipids and polysaccharides responsible for symptoms such as fever and shock.
Continued • Because a water molecule is required for breaking the bond between two glucose molecules, digestion is also termed hydrolysis. Starch is the primary storage food of green plants, microscopic algae, and some fungi; glycogen (animal starch) is a stored carbohydrate for animal and certain groups of bacteria and protozoa.
