Design Theory – Part I

1. Design Theory – Part I Si Jung “Jun” Kim, PhD

2. Outline • Design Theory - Part I • Research Design - Part I

3. Announcement • Have you created discussion groups on facebook? • Add a prefix, DIG4725c Fall 2012 • Ask me your preliminary ideas

4. The beginning of gameplay • Mankind has been playing games • The Senet • Credited as the first game; Egyptian game around 3500BC • Two player game

5. The beginning of gameplay • Mankind has been playing games • The Senet • Credited as the first game; Egyptian game around 3500BC • Two player game

6. The beginning of gameplay (cont.) • The Royal Game of Ur (aka Game of Twenty Squares) • An ancient mesopotamian board game; Found in the Royal Tombs of Ur in Iraq by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1920s. • Two players

7. The beginning of gameplay (cont.) • The Royal Game of Ur (aka Game of Twenty Squares) • An ancient mesopotamian board game; Found in the Royal Tombs of Ur in Iraq by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1920s. • Two players

8. The beginning of gameplay (cont.) • Extended Versions iPad http://agongame.com/boardgames/ http://www.odessadesign.co.uk/bmgame.htm

9. Some Common Examples of Game Mechanics in the Ancient Games • Luck • Random chance, an outcome that the player has no control over • Strategy • Player’s ability to turns and moves • Diplomacy • How players interact with the others • Resource Management • Assets that players can use • Territory Control • Controlling the game space

10. More History of Games • Read articles at 1) http://historicgames.com/gamestimeline.html 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_games

11. The Beginning of Videogame • Some ideas in the 1947 • The cathode ray tube (CRT) amusement device • Earliest known interactive electronic game to use a CRT • Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann • The gaming device was never marketed nor sold to the public.

12. The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.) • First video game: • Tennis For Two by physicist William Higinbotham • Tennis game in an Oscilloscope in 1958 • First electronic game • Two players

13. The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.) • First video game: • Tennis For Two by physicist William Higinbotham • Tennis game in an Oscilloscope in 1958 • First electronic game • Two players

14. The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.) • First video game: • Tennis game in an Oscilloscope

15. The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.) • 1960s • Space War (MIT) • The first influential computer game

16. The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.) • 1970s • Galaxy • The first coin-operated video game

17. 1972 Noland Bushnell and Ted Dabney (@Nutting Associates) 1972 Space War Legacy 1971 Bill Pitts and Hugh Tuck formed Computer Recreations Galaxy Game Built: 1.5K Galaxy Game Cost: $20K Play cost: 10 cent Built: dozens PONG Built: 10K “Breaks down”

18. The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.) • Pong (1972, Atari) PONG - First documented Video Ping-Pong game (1969)

19. The Golden Age 1979-1981 • Atari releases Asteroids! • Pac-Man, Bally/Midway, 1980 • Frogger, Konami/Sega, 1981 • Donkey Kong, Nintendo, 1981 • Namco releases Pac-Man, 1982 (+300K machines sold) • Own television show • US Army commissions Atari for a tank simulation game • Start of a long enduring activity • Nintendo releases first console in 1981 • http://www.tripletsandus.com/80s/80s_games/

20. The Great Crash 1982-1984 • The Commodore 64 PC is released • Coleco releases the Adam PC • Too many competitors small and large saturate the market • 1982 Warner Corp. stock fell 32% after Atari announces les-that-expected sells of consoles • Atari sold to Jack Tramiel (owner of Commodore) • New company: Atari Corp. pulls from Console market • Bright spot: Nintendo releases famicon does well in Japan

21. The Return of the Video Games 1985-1988 • Nintendo releases NES • Met with skepticism by market observers • Turns out to be an instant hit • Legend of Zelda • Apple releases the Mac, Atari releases 520ST • Who won? • Tetris is released! • Coleco files for bankruptcy • 1985 MS releases Windows • PC as a gaming platform

22. The Story Continues • 1989 Nintendo releases Gameboy, Sega releases Genesis • 1991 Nintendo releases SNES, Sega releases Sonic • 1993 32-bit consoles • Nintendo releases Mortal Combat! • 1999-2001 Playstation 2, Gamecube, Xbox

23. More History of Video Games • Read articles at 1) http://www.onlineeducation.net/videogame_timeline 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_games 3) http://www.time.com/time/interactive/0,31813,2029221,00.html

24. Type of Games • Digital vs. Non-Digital • Single vs. Multiple (known as MUD) • 2D vs. 3D • First Person vs. Third Person • Platform specific • Purpose specific • Device specific • …

25. Non-Digital Games • Board Games • Cover whole rage of themes; family/group entertainment; based on luck • E.g., Monopoly • Card Games • Games played with playing cards • E.g., Magic: The Gathering • Role-Playing Games (RPG) • Players assume the roles of characters in a fictional setting • E.g., Dungeons & Dragons (D&D)

26. Monopoly

27. Magic: The Gathering

28. Dungeons & Dragons http://www.wizards.com/playdnd/playdnd.asp

29. Hybrid Games • Dungeons & Dragons-style • Nintendo 3DS AR Games Cards • Ting Ting

30. Types of Digital Games • Shoot-’em-ups (shooting games) • A subgenre of action game, which often test the player's speed and reaction time. • E.g, Space Invaders (1978) • First-person shooter (FPS) • The view is given to the player as if seeing the scene through the character’s eyes • E.g., doom (1993)

31. Types of Digital Games (Cont.) • Platform • Characterized by requiring the player to jump to and from suspended platforms or over obstacles • E.g., Donkey Kong • Strategy • Requiring the players' decision-making and skillful thinking to achieve victory • Coined by Brett Sperry • E.g., Intellivision's Utopia

32. Types of Digital Games (Cont.) • Platform • Characterized by requiring the player to jump to and from suspended platforms or over obstacles • E.g., Donkey Kong • Strategy • Requiring the players' decision-making and skillful thinking to achieve victory • Coined by Brett Sperry • E.g., Intellivision's Utopia

33. Types of Digital Games (Cont.) • Puzzle • A maze game that player action is required to escape monsters, outrace an opponent, or navigate the maze within a time limit. • Action, arcade, hidden, etc. • E.g., Heiankyo Alien (1979 Denki Onkyo Co.) • Game structure types • Linear vs. Nonlinear (Sandbox • Every player sees every challenge and sees them in the same order, vs. Every player sees only some of the challenges possible in a different order. • E.g., Shenmue (1999)

34. Next (Sept. 14th) • Design Theory - Part 2 • Project Design – Part 2 • Phase I: Project Proposal Due • 11:59pm, Tuesday 11th Sept. • Send to hisijung@gmail.com & post to your fb group • Phase II: Project Design/ Research Design Due • 11:59pm, Tuesday 18th Sept. • Send to hisijung@gmail.com & post to your fb group

35. Suggested Template for Phase I • Project summary (1/2 - 1 page – use a diagram, etc) • * Motivation, goal/objectives • Team responsibility (1/2 page – use a chart, etc.) • Context of use (Place to be used) (1 page) • Stakeholder analysis (user analysis) (1-2 pages) • Expected prototype (1-2 pages – use a figure/diagram, etc.) • * Game type, genre, etc. • Expected results (1/2 – 1 page) • Expected outcomes (1/2 page) • References (1-2 pages)