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Unveiling Exotic Pentaquarks: From Theory to Observation in Particle Physics

Explore the discovery of new 5-quark states, their properties, production mechanisms, and experimental evidence from CLAS Collaboration. Learn about pentaquarks, quark model, interactions, and mass predictions.

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Unveiling Exotic Pentaquarks: From Theory to Observation in Particle Physics

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  1. Pentaquarks:Discovering new particles

  2. Outline Phys.Rev.Lett. 91 (2003) 012002 • Historical introduction • Review of the Quark Model • Prediction of the Q+ • Experimental evidence • Data from CLAS • What do we know about the Q+? • Other 5-quark states S=+1 B=+1 Mass = 1.54 GeV

  3. Families within families of matter DNA 10-7 m Molecule 10-9 m Atom 10-10 m Nucleus 10-14 m Proton 10-15 m Quark <10-18 m

  4. Families of atoms Gaps in table lead to predictions for the properties of undiscovered atoms Mendeleev (1869)

  5. Properties of quarks u +2/3 d u −1/3 +2/3 s u +1/3 +2/3 s u u −1/3 +2/3 −2/3 d d −1/3 −1/3 p n K− Protons are made of (uud) Neutrons are made of (ddu) K+

  6. Families of quarks S=+1 S= 0 I3 = Q ─½ (B+S) +½ −½ 0 S=−1

  7. Families of baryons ms=150 MeV W− ?

  8. Production and decay of W─ → Xo p─ p– p g K+ L0 g K0 X0 p– W– K– V.E. Barnes et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 8, 204 (1964)

  9. Interactions understood in terms of quarks Very high energy “free” quarks not found, only particles that contain quarks

  10. Electromagnetic and color forces O(a) ~ 0.01 g ±1 charge O(as) ~ 1 g ±3 “color” charges QCD explains particle interactions

  11. Quarks are confined inside colorless hadrons q q q Mystery remains: Of the many possibilities for combining quarks with color into colorless hadrons, only two configurations were found, till now… Particle Data Group 1986 reviewing evidence for exotic baryons states “…The general prejudice against baryons not made of three quarks and the lack of any experimental activity in this areamake it likely that it will be another 15 years before the issue is decided. PDG dropped the discussion on pentaquark searches after 1988.

  12. What are pentaquarks? • Minimum quark content is 4 quarks and 1 antiquark • “Exotic” pentaquarks are those where the antiquark has a different flavor than the other 4 quarks • Quantum numbers cannot be defined by 3 quarks alone. Example: uudss, non-exotic Baryon number = 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 – 1/3 = 1 Strangeness = 0 + 0 + 0− 1 + 1 = 0 Example: uudds, exotic Baryon number = 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 – 1/3 = 1 Strangeness = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = +1

  13. Hadron multiplets K Mesons qq p K N S X W─ Baryons built from meson-baryon, or qqqqq Q+ Baryons qqq

  14. The Anti-decuplet predicted by Diakonov et al. Rotational excitations include In the Chiral Soliton Model, nucleons and Deltas are rotational states of the same soliton field. Z.Phys. A359, 305 (1997) G~15 MeV Z+ The mass splittings are predicted to be equally spaced Anchor G~140 MeV

  15. Quark lines for the reaction us g K− us K+ Q+ n ddu n ddu Q+ is composed of (uudds) quarks

  16. Production mechanisms (p) (K0) g K− g K+ Control Reaction K+ n Q+ K− p L*(1520) n K+ p p K− pspec

  17. Experimental Evidence • Several experimental observations • No dedicated experiments to date • Walk through the analysis from CLAS

  18. Exclusive measurement using gd reactions CLAS Collaboration (S. Stepanyan, K. Hicks, et al.), hep-ex/0307018 • Requires FSI – both nucleons involved • No Fermi motion correction necessary • FSI puts K- at larger lab angles: better CLAS acceptance • FSI not rare: in ~50% of L*(1520) events both nucleons detected with p > 0.15 GeV/c

  19. JLab accelerator CEBAF

  20. CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer Torus magnet 6 superconducting coils Electromagnetic calorimeters Lead/scintillator, 1296 photomultipliers Liquid D2 (H2)target + g start counter; e minitorus Drift chambers argon/CO2 gas, 35,000 cells Gas Cherenkov counters e/p separation, 256 PMTs Time-of-flight counters plastic scintillators, 684 photomultipliers

  21. gd → p K+K─ (n) in CLAS K+ K- p

  22. Particle identification by time-of-flight

  23. “Kaon” vertex times relative to proton pp+p- ppp- Dt (p-K─) (ns) pK+K─ Dt (p-K+) (ns)

  24. Reaction gd→pK+K-(n) • Clear peak at neutron mass. • 15% non-pKK events within ±3s of the peak. • Almost no background under the neutron peak after event selection with tight timing cut. Reconstructed Neutrons

  25. Identification of known resonances • Remove events with IM(K+K-) →f(1020) by IM > 1.07 GeV • Remove events with IM(pK-)→L(1520) • Limit K+ momentum due tog d→p K- Q +phase space pK+ < 1.0GeV/c

  26. Deuterium: nK+ invariant mass distribution Q+ Distribution of L*(1520) events • Mass = 1.542 GeV • < 21 MeV Significance 5.2±0.6 s

  27. Searching for the Q+ on a proton target Mass = 1.537 GeV Events with cosq(p+K-)>0.5 g K− K*0 p+ K0 n p Q+ K+ Mass(nK+) GeV

  28. First observation of Q+ at SPring-8 Phys.Rev.Lett. 91 (2003) 012002 • = 1.540.01 MeV • < 25 MeV Gaussian significance 4.6s background

  29. DIANA at ITEP 850 MeV K+ beam Cuts to suppress p and K0 reinteraction in Xe nucleus K+ Xe + N(K0p) N hep-ex/0304040 M=1539±2 MeV G< 9 MeV All Events

  30. SAPHIR detector at ELSA The reactionp + Ks0, whereKs0+-and+ nK+ M=1540±4 MeV G < 25 MeV

  31. Reanalysis of bubble chamber neutrino data M = 1533±5 MeV,  < 20 MeV Enlargement of signal region n Ne,D (Ks0p) X ITEP group: hep-ex/0309042

  32. HERMES

  33. What do we know about this S=+1 state? LEPS : gC→(nK+) K−X DIANA : K+Xe→(pK0) X CLAS : gd→(nK+) K−p SAPHIR : gp→(nK+) K0 Mass (GeV) ITEP : nd,Ne→(pK0) K0 HERMES : e+d→(pK0) X Parenthesis show Q+ decay products Searches for isospin pK+ partner have found nothing Number of Events in Peak

  34. There is much more to learn • Spin, parity • Chiral soliton model predicts Jpc=½+ (p-wave) • Quark model naïve expectation is Jpc=½− (s-wave) • Isospin • Likely I=0, as predicted by the chiral soliton model. • Width (lifetime) • Measurements limited by experimental resolution. • Naïve estimates predict G~200 MeV. • Theoretical problem remains why the state is so narrow. • Analysis of existing K+d scattering data indicate that G < 1-2 MeV. (e.g. nucl-th/0308012) • Complete determination of the pentaquark multiplet

  35. A di-quark model for pentaquarks (ud) L=1 s (ud) 200 MeV Decay Width: G » » 8 MeV ( ) 2 2 6 JW hep-ph/0307341 JM hep-ph/0308286 SZ hep-ph/0310270 L=1, one unit of orbital angular momentum needed to get J=1/2+ as in cSM Lattice QCD: JP = 1/2− Mass Prediction for X−−is 1.75 instead of 2.07 GeV

  36. A new cousin: observation of exotic X−− M=1.862± 0.002 GeV X−− X0 Q+ X−− X(1530) CERN SPS hep-ex/0310014

  37. Current activities • Workshop@ JLab Penta-Quark 2003, Nov 6-8 • www.jlab.org/intralab/calendar/archive03/pentaquark/ • Approved experiment for 30 PAC days with deuterium target scheduled for early next year (spokespersons Ken Hicks, S. Stepanyan) • New proposals under discussion, for example to search for X−−… • Theory papers appearing daily on the preprint server. • Of course there is worldwide interest to continue to probe the nature of pentaquarks experimentally.

  38. Summary • A key question in non-perturbative QCD is the structure of hadrons • We have presented evidence for an exotic baryon with S = +1, which would have a minimal quark content of five quarks (uudds). • This baryon represents a new class of colorless hadrons. • The additional observation of a doubly negative S=−2 baryon (ddssu) establishes a second corner of the anti-decuplet the family of pentaquarks. • The observation of new members of the family of 5-quark states gives credibility to the existence of pentaquarks. • Hadronic physics is being driven by experimental discoveries. • Electromagnetic probes are playing a major role in the investigation of these new states. Index of popular articles on the Pentaquark http://www.jlab.org/news/articles/

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