Mitochondria are in both cells !!

1. mitochondria chloroplast Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells

2. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts • Important to see the similarities • transform energy • generate ATP • double membranes = 2 membranes • semi-autonomous organelles • move, change shape, divide • internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes

3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another Organisms transform energy they acquire from their surroundings. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work. Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion) are the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen. Chloroplasts, found only in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis. They convert solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

4. Mitochondria • Function • cellular respiration • generate ATP • from breakdown of sugars, fats & other fuels • in the presence of oxygen • break down larger molecules into smaller to generate energy = catabolism • generate energy in presence of O2 = aerobic respiration

5. Mitochondria • Function • make ATP energy from cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP • fuels the work of life • Structure • double membrane ATP in both animal & plant cells

6. Mitochondria • Structure • 2 membranes • smooth outer membrane • highly folded inner membrane • cristae • fluid-filled space between 2 membranes • internal fluid-filled space • mitochondrial matrix • DNA, ribosomes & enzymes Why 2 membranes? increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP

7. Mitochondria

8. glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP dioxide Membrane-bound Enzymes

9. Dividing Mitochondria Who else divides like that? What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?

10. Mitochondria • Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria • there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria • number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity • more activity = more energy needed = more mitochondria What cells would have a lot of mitochondria? active cells: • muscle cells • nerve cells

11. Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts are plant organelles • class of plant structures = plastids • amyloplasts • store starch in roots & tubers • chromoplasts • store pigments for fruits & flowers • chloroplasts • store chlorophyll & function in photosynthesis • in leaves, other green structures of plants & in eukaryotic algae

12. Chloroplasts • Structure • 2 membranes • stroma = internal fluid-filled space • DNA, ribosomes & enzymes • thylakoids = membranous sacs where ATP is made • grana = stacks of thylakoids Why internal sac membranes? increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP

13. + water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide light energy  6CO2 + 6H2O + + 6O2 C6H12O6 Membrane-bound Enzymes

14. Chloroplasts • Function • photosynthesis • generate ATP & synthesize sugars • transform solar energy into chemical energy • produce sugars from CO2 & H2O • Semi-autonomous • moving, changing shape & dividing • can reproduce by pinching in two Who else divides like that? bacteria!

15. Chloroplasts Why are chloroplasts green?

17. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are different • Organelles not part of endomembrane system • Grow & reproduce • semi-autonomous organelles • Proteins primarily from free ribosomes in cytosol & a few from their own ribosomes • Own circular chromosome • directs synthesis of proteins produced by own internal ribosomes • ribosomes like bacterial ribosomes Who else has a circular chromosome not bound within a nucleus? bacteria

18. Endosymbiosis theory 1981 | ?? • Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once free living bacteria • engulfed by ancestral eukaryote • Endosymbiont • cell that lives within another cell (host) • as a partnership • evolutionary advantage for both • one supplies energy • the other supplies raw materials & protection Lynn Margulis U of M, Amherst

19. Endosymbiosis theory Evolution of eukaryotes

20. + water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP dioxide light energy  6CO2 + 6H2O + + 6O2 C6H12O6 Compare the equations Photosynthesis Respiration

21. The Great ENERGY Circle of Life sun Photosynthesis ATP plants glucosesugar O2 + CO2 + H2O Respiration animals & plants ATP

22. Peroxisomes • Other digestive enzyme sacs • in both animals & plants • breakdown fatty acids to sugars • easier to transport & use as energy source • detoxify cell • detoxifies alcohol & other poisons • produce peroxide (H2O2) • must breakdown H2O2 H2O

23. The peroxisome is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane . Peroxisomes contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by–product. Reactions …different functions. Some peroxisomes use oxygen to break fatty acids down into smaller molecules… Peroxisomes in the liver detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to oxygen. The H2O2 formed by peroxisome metabolism is itself toxic…… cell′s compartmental structure is crucial to its functions

24. found in the fat–storing tissues of plant seeds. These organelles contain enzymes that initiate the conversion of fatty acids to sugar Specialized peroxisomes… glyoxysomes

25. Difference between Lysosomes and peroxysomes • Unlike lysosomes, peroxisomesdo not bud from the endomembrane system. • They grow larger by incorporating proteins made primarily in the cytosol, lipids made in the ER, and lipids synthesized within the peroxisome itself. • Peroxisomes may increase in number by splitting in two when they reach a certain size

26. Putting it all together animal cells plant cells

27. Any Questions??