Animal Nutrition

1. Animal Nutrition

2. Need for Nourishment • body processes require the use of energy • obtained from ingested food or stored fat • animal must have food to store energy in fat cells

3. Need for Nourishment • animals spend most of their time in search of food • maintenance ration must be met first

4. Need for Nourishment • wild animals eat a variety of foods to obtain proper nutrients • agricultural animals depend on the producer to provide balanced a ration

5. Feedstuff • one component of a feed ration • not normally fed by itself

6. Nutrients • Water • Protein • Carbohydrates • Fat

7. Nutrients • fiber • vitamins • minerals

8. Metabolism • all the chemical and physical processes that take place in the body

9. Metabolism • anabolism - metabolism that builds tissue • catabolism - metabolism that breaks down materials

10. Water • most abundant compound in the world • animals must have frequent intakes of water to remain alive

11. Water • provides basis for all of the fluid of the animals body • bloodstream requires liquid for circulation

12. Water • digestion requires moisture for breakdown of nutrients and movement of feed • needed to produce milk

13. Water • provides cells with pressure to allow them to hold their shape • helps body to maintain constant temperature

14. Water • flushes the animal’s body of waste and toxic materials • a loss of 20% of body water will result in death

15. Water • animals generally need about three pounds of water for every pound of solid feed they consume

16. Protein • largest and most costly part of the ration • composed of amino acids

17. Protein • building blocks of life • tissue development • muscle production

18. Protein • enzymes are composed of protein • protein can be used to supply energy

19. Protein • some animals need more protein than others • young animals • lactating (milk producing) animals

20. Protein • twenty three amino acids • ten essential • Lysine, methionine, tryptophan etc. • Esp. required in the diet for non-ruminants • thirteen nonessential

21. Protein • balancing rations is based on the amino acid content more for non-ruminants

22. Protein • crude protein content • total amount of protein in a feed • Feed analysis - calculated by multiplying nitrogen content percentage times 6.25 • Digestible protein

23. Protein • Digestible protein • the protein in a feed that can be digested and used by the animal • usually about 50-80% of crude protein

24. Protein • protein sources • animal • slaughterhouse by products • dried fish meal

25. Protein • plant • superior to animal sources • cottonseed meal • soybean meal, linseed meal • peanut meal, corn gluten meal

26. Feeding Livestock for Energy • Calorie, (cal)- the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree C • Kilocalorie, 1,000 calories.

27. ENERGY • Gross Energy (GE)- the total amount of heat released when a substance is completely oxidized in a bomb calorimeter. • Digestible Energy (DE)- The gross energy of feed consumed minus the gross energy excreted in the feces.

28. Energy cont. • Metabolizable Energy (ME)- The gross energy of the feed minus the energy in the feces, urine, and gaseous product of digestion. • Net Energy, (NE)- the metabolizable energy minus the heat increment. Used for growth, maintenance, production, work, fetal development and heat production.

29. Energy cont. • Carbohydrates found in plants include starch, sugars, hemicellulose, cellulose, pectin's, gums, & lignin.Sugars are the most easily digested while cellulose and lignin are more difficult. • 75% of all the dry matter in plants is carbohydrates.

30. Functions of Energy • Energy nutrients are needed for the maintenance of life in the animal. • Maintains basal metabolism. • Basal metabolism is defined as the heat production of the animal while it is at rest and not digesting food. • Beating of the heart, maintenance of blood pressure, transmission of nerve impulses, breathing and work of other internal organs.

31. Functions of Energy • When animals are on full feed they seldom reach lower critical temperature unless the weather is extremely cold. • It is only after all the maintenance needs of the animals are met that energy nutrients can be used for growth or production. • Fattening livestock requires a large amount of energy nutrients. • Energy not used for other needs is deposited as fats within the body tissues. • The deposition of fats makes the meat tender,juicy and gives it a better flavor.

32. Carbohydrates • main source of energy • compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • include sugars, starches and cellulose

33. Carbohydrates • types of sugars • monosaccharides - simple sugars • glucose • fructose, galactose

34. Carbohydrates • disaccharides - complex sugars • sucrose • lactose

35. Carbohydrates • Organic compounds made of carbon,( C ), Hydrogen (H), & Oxygen (O). • Each C2H2O molecule is made up of 40% C, 7% H and 53% O2. • Carbohydrates found in plants include starch, sugars, hemicellulose, cellulose, pectin's, gums, & lignin.Sugars are the most easily digested while cellulose and lignin are more difficult. • Carbohydrates in the feed are changed to simpler forms.

36. Carbohydrates • 75% of all the dry matter in plants is carbohydrates. • More easily digested forms of carbohydrates are generally found stored in the seeds, roots and tubers of the plant. • Hemicellulose and cellulose are converted to glucose. • Because hemicellulose and cellulose require more energy, they are less efficient sources of energy for the animal.

37. Carbohydrates • Starch is made up of many molecules of glucose. • Grains have a high feeding value because the starch is easily digested. • Ruminant animals because of bacterial action in the Rumen can utilize large portions of coarse roughage. • Non-ruminants have less ability to utilize energy from fiber. • The young of all species require more easily digested feeds.

38. Sources of EnergyConcentrates • A major source of energy nutrients is the grains and grain byproduct. • These feeds are called energy concentrates or basal feeds when their crude protein is less than 18% in the air-dry state.

39. Carbohydrates • almost all come from plants • generally found in grain • Corn • Oats • Milo/Sorghum grain • Wheat and barley

40. Shelled Corn • One of the highest energy feeds available. • The most widely grown and used feed grain crop. • Corn produces more #’s of TDN/acre than any other. • It is an economical and superior source of energy. • Consideration must be given to amount to feed, frequency and combinations with other feeds, in order to get the most efficient use of this high energy feed source without causing digestive problems.

41. Grain Sorghum • There are many varieties, milo, kafir and various hybrids. • Smaller than shelled corn and may replace up to 100% of the corn in a feedlot ration. • Generally rolled or ground when included in a ration.

42. Wheat • High in both energy and protein it is generally not used in livestock rations because of the high value as a small grain crop on the cash market. • Wheat is similar to corn in composition and feeding value. • If and when it is used in a ration it is included at low levels in a mix with other grains because it is rapidly digested and may cause digestive disturbances.

43. Oats • About 85% of the energy of shelled corn. • Higher in crude protein than shelled corn and add fiber and bulk to the ration. • Help the rumen maintain bacterial and protozoa function. • Not a good fattening feed but are used extensively in rations for horses, young growing stock, show stock and breeding animals. • Usually fed rolled, crimped or ground.

44. Barley • Almost equal to corn in energy value, but lies between corn and oats in fiber content. • Used in a ration in a manner similar to oats. • Barley may replace up to 50 % of the corn in rations for fattening animals. • The grain content of the ration may be decreased by 10 % if barley replaces all of the corn. • To improve palatability it is usually steam rolled, crimped or coarsely ground.

45. Sources of Energy/Forages • Forages (roughages) can supply some of the energy needs in the livestock ration, although they are not as concentrated a source of energy as the grains. • Value of forages for livestock feed is highly dependent on time of harvesting.

46. Sources as forages • As forage plants mature, the crude fiber content (cellulose and lignin) increases, which lowers the digestibility of the feed. • When forages are harvested as silage, more of the nutritional value of the plant is preserved.

47. Pastures • Properly managed pastures can be a good source of nutrients. • Rotating and fertilizing pastures to get the best yield and nutritional value. • Quality of pasture must be closely watched and supplemented with good quality stored forages when necessary.

48. Sources of Energy Byproducts • These include the following: • Dried citrus pulp. • Dried beet pulp. • Potato meal. • Dried sweet potatoes. • Cotton seed hulls. • Beet tops.

49. Sources of Energy---Molasses • Common types of molasses are cane or blackstrap, beet, citrus and wood. • Molasses is used in rations for cattle, sheep and horses but is seldom used in swine rations, because it causes scouring. • Improves palatability, aids rumen microbial activity, reduces dust and serves as a binder when feeds are pelleted. • Molasses is usually limited to not more than 10-15% of the ration.

50. Dried Beet Pulp • Primarily used in dairy cattle rations but is occasionally used in rations for horse, beef and sheep. • Adds bulk to rations. • Makes rations more palatable, mild laxative. • Should not replace more than 20% of the grain in a ration.