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“ INDIAN SEED CONGRESS ”

“ INDIAN SEED CONGRESS ”. " GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF CURRENT AND EMERGING GM TRAITS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN VEGETABLE CROPS”. Feb,23 rd , 2011. Dr ARVIND KAPUR Rasi Seeds P Ltd. CRITICAL NEXT 40 YEARS. In 2050, the world population will reach 9.2 bn. from 6.1 bn. in 2000

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“ INDIAN SEED CONGRESS ”

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  1. “INDIAN SEED CONGRESS” "GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF CURRENT AND EMERGING GM TRAITS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN VEGETABLE CROPS” Feb,23rd, 2011 Dr ARVIND KAPUR Rasi Seeds P Ltd

  2. CRITICAL NEXT 40 YEARS • In 2050, the world population will reach 9.2 bn. from 6.1 bn. in 2000 • Out of same arable land globally (1.5 bn. ha.) double the food grain production is required • The food grain reserve is coming down globally and restricted to only 75days supply • To mitigate multiple challenges , the reserve should be in the range of 100days supply • Integrating  the best of conventional crop technologies (adapted  germplasm)  and the best of crop biotechnology applications including novel traits is the optimum solution to achieve this daunting task.

  3. TECHNOLOGY CREATING DIFFERENCE • 134  million hectares of biotech crops in 2009 – fastest adopted crop technology,  80-fold increase  from 1996 to 2009, year-to-year growth  of 9 million hectares or 7% • Number  of biotech crop  farmers increased by 0.7  million to 14.0 million, 90%,  or 13.0 million were small and resource-poor farmers in developing countries

  4. THE WORLD SEED MARKET(billions $) 50 Billion 50 45 40 Including Farmers Saved Seed Total Seed Field Seeds Vegetable Flower 34 Billion Total Seed Field Seeds Vegetable Flower 35 Commercial seed market 6.8 b$ Vegetable Seed 27.2 b $ Cereal Seed (20.3 non GM+6.9 GM) 30 20% vegetable seed 15 33% 25 20 80% Field & other seed 15 15 10 5 0

  5. OPV OF VEGETABLES SALE IN INDIA(Total value: $ 200 million) Total volume of OPV’s : 40,000 tons

  6. Hybrid sale in India in vegetables(Total value: $200mn) Total volume of F1 : 3,000 tons

  7. PRODUCTIONFACTS ABOUT VEGETABLE

  8. ISSUES IN VEGETABLE DISEASE RESISTANCE BREEDING • YIELD LOSSES DUE TO DISEASES • QUALITY LOSSES DUE TO BOTH DISEASES AND PESTICIDES • UNPREDICTABLE FLUCTUATIONS IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION • PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION OF SOIL, WATER AND ATMOSPHERE • EXPORT RESIDUE PROBLEMS • DEVELOPMENT OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN PATHOGEN • HUMAN HEALTH PROBLEMS • DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING

  9. YIELD LOSSES DUE TO MAJOR VEGETABLE DISEASES IN INDIA

  10. Problem of pathogen resistance to pesticides • ‡ World wide 504 insect-pests, mites and spiders have • developed pesticide resistance including 31found in India • ‡ Three pathogens of apple show pesticide resistance • Psuedomonassyringae(blister spot) Streptomycin • ‡Some level of pesticide resistance observed in • Late blight of potato pathogen, Phytopthrorainfestans • Black rot of cole crops pathogen Xanthomonascampestris

  11. Research priorities for multiple resistant F1 hybrids • ‡ Tomato : TLCV+ Early blight + Bacterial wilt + RKN • ‡Brinjal : Phomopsis + Bacterial wilt + Fruit-shoot borer • ‡Chilli : Leaf curl + Thrips + Mites + Anthracnose • ‡Capsicum: Phytopthora + Thrips + Mites • ‡ Okra : Yellow vein mosaic virus + Fruit borer • ‡ Onion : Stemphyllium blight + Purple blotch + Thrips • ‡Cucumber : Downy mildew + Mosaic viruses • ‡Muskmelon : Powdery mildew (PM) + Downy mildew + • Anthracnose + Fusarium • ‡ Watermelon : PM + Downy mildew + Anthracnose • ‡Cabbage & Cauliflower: Black rot + Diamond back moth

  12. Breeding Strategies • ‡Short term strategies : 1 ± 3 years • I ) Introduction • II ) Selection • ‡Medium term strategies: > 3 ± 6 years • I) Intervarietal hybridization (related gene pool) II) Acquired resistance • ‡Long term strategies : > 6 years • I) Backcrossing method • II) Transgenic technology

  13. Genetic Erosion domestication selection professional breeding large (untapped) genetic resources available

  14. Current Genetic Potential and Traits Integration of Breeding and Biotech Biotech Advances Future Crop Improvement Platform Genetic potential (Future) 1 3 High yield with desirable crop characteristics BIOTECH ADVANCES YIELD ENHANCEMENT 2 3 Drought /Salinity tolerance Improved nutrition use Insect/pest control 2 Integration of Breeding and Biotechnology (Future) IMPROVED BREEDING Germplasm exploitation New methods Genetic potential (Current) 1 YIELD REDUCING FACTORS CONTROL MEASURES Water/Salinity Insects pests Diseases Weeds Nutrition Low yield (less than potential) Average genetic potential Moderate or no protection Breeding Excellence

  15. Strategies for Crop Improvement under Climate Change Breeding and Biotechnology as new tools Exploitation of germplasm BREEDING Seed is the Carrier of Technology Genomics/Bioinformatics Conventional/Maintenance breeding Exploitation of germplasm CROP IMPROVEMENT CROP GERMPLASM Molecular breeding IMPROVED SEEDS Transgenic crop production Crop management BIOTECHNOLOGY Breeding Excellence

  16. COMPLEXITY IN THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSGENES Nuclear Environment • Transcriptional changes • Post Transcriptional Changes Cytoplasmic Environment • Translational changes • Post Translational Changes External Environment • Temperature, Light, etc.

  17. GENETIC MODIFICATION IN VEGETABLES PRESENTLY GM CROPS IN CULTIVATION • SQUASH • SWEET PEPPER • TOMATO VEGETABLE CROPS IN WAITING • EGGPLANT • CAULIFLOWER & CABBAGE • OKRA CROPS AT RESEARCH LEVEL • AROUND 23 VEGETABLE SPECIES ARE BEING TRANSFORMED FOR DIFFERENT TRAITS

  18. TRAITS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO BREED • COMPLEX VIRUS RESISTANCE • INSECT RESISTANCE • FUNGAL RESISTANCE • TASTE • FLAVOUR • SHELF LIFE • SHAPE • SKIN COLOUR OF FRUITS

  19. EGGPLANT

  20. TOMATO- VIRUSES

  21. CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWERDBM

  22. PHENOMICS

  23. TARGETTED MUTATION

  24. ISSUES AND CONCERN OF THE CPB • The nutritional analysis done on vegetables between 1950 and 1990 revealed that there is substantial decrease in six of 13 nutrient measured including 6% protein and 38% riboflavin • Reduction in calcium phosphorus,iron and ascorbic acid • The decline is explained by changes in cultivated varieties between 1950 and 1990 and also trade off between yield and nutrient content

  25. Cont… • The GM debate around ecological impact and food safety evaluation are causing concern to plant breeders • Plant Breeders Rights is also major and controversial issue • Issue of commercial breeders in reducing the biodiversity • The broad patents awarded along with even natural processes is complicating breeding

  26. HIGH THROUGHPUT PHENOTYPING • All Breeders wants to know all alleles of all genes of his crop • An allele of a gene for an agronomic trait would not be good or bad in itself but in the context of other alleles in genomic network • Crop design has developed high throughput platform (Trait Mill) • The alleles are not only differ structurally but also in the expression profile

  27. BREEDING BY DESIGN • Aims to control all allelic variation for all genes of agronomic importance • Achieved by combination of precise genetic mapping, high resolution chromosome haplotyping and extensive phenotyping • Combining the most favourable alleles at those loci in a controlled manner will lead to superior variety

  28. BC1 BC1 selection BC2 selection BC2 selection BC3 selection BC3S1 selection

  29. Cont… • Marker assisted selection (MAS) increases the precision and efficiency using DNA markers instead of phenotyping in selection • MABC to select backcross progeny with the highest % of recurrent parent genome together with minimum number of donor segment in minimum no. of generations • MAB is a successful approach where pyramiding of dominant resistant genes and introducing recessive resistant gene surrounded by severe linkage drag

  30. Cont… • Introgression Lines (IL) libraries are used to map all agronomical relevant traits • Advantage of IL libraries is reducing the complexity of polygenic traits by separating them into set of monogenic loci • IL libraries consists of homozygous lines and can be phenotyped repeatedly and simultaneous mapping of many traits • Ils contain homogenous genetic background only differing by introgressed donor segment thus eliminating the epistatic effects of donor parent

  31. Cont… • QTL are dissected into separate monogenic component increases the reliability of measuring phenotypic traits • ILs can identify recombination within the introgression segment using flanking markers • Phenotyping these recombinants enables the locus to be mapped at high resolution • F1IL libraries can detect heterotic effects caused by specific introgression segment

  32. CONCLUSION • Extensive phenotyping of all agronomic traits using both mapping populations and inbred lines for chromosome haplotyping and allele assessment • Breeding by design is the combination of technological tools, statistical methodology and precise phenotyping in bringing all agronomical important alleles together in developing superior varieties

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