Fun Facts About the Digestive System

1. Digestive System https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/digestive-system.html

2. The digestive system has two main functions: to convert food into nutrients your body needs, and to rid the body of waste. To do its job, the system requires the cooperation of a number of different structures and organs throughout the body, including the mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas and  gallbladder. 60

3. Hey there!! Here are 10 Fun Facts +1!! • 1. An adult esophagus ranges from 10 to 14 inches in length, and 1 inch in diameter. • 2. We make 1 to 3 pints of saliva a day. • 3. Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophagus. Peristalsis action This means that food would get to a person's stomach, even if they were standing on their head • 4. It takes your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, pancreas and liver just to digest a glass ofmilk. • 5. An adults stomach can hold approximately 1.5 liters of material. (1 to 1 ½ quarts) • 6. The average male will eat about 50 tons of food during his lifetime in order to sustain a weight of 150 pounds. • 7. Within the colon, a typical person harbors more than 400 distinct species of bacteria. “Gut Flora” Lactobacillus-used in probiotic foods. E-coli bacteria PH 5.5-7 100 trillion bacteria in the gut! • 300-1,000 species of bacteria in the digestive tract. • 8. The liver is the largest organ in the body and performs more than 500 functions. Four functions I want you to know are: Breaks down toxins, produces bile, stores fat soluble vitamins A,D,K,E, and stores glycogen-sugar • 9. The small intestine (pronounced in-test-in) is a long tube about 1 and a half to 2 inches around, and about 22 feet long. • 10. A full grown horse?? Their coiled up intestines are 89 feet long. • 11. Food stays in your stomach for 2 to 3 hours. https://sites.google.com/site/digestivesystem3051/fun-facts-2

4. Digestive System Overview • The major parts of the digestive system: • Salivary glands/Tongue-no hair on the tongue! Microvilli-papillae • Pharynx-another name for the throat • Epiglottis-”trap door” • Esophagus-peristalsis action • Stomach-J shaped Gastric juices, HCL • Small Intestine-Villi Most of simpler form of digestion occurs here • Large Intestine No digestion, water intake, High in Bacteria • Rectum • Anus • Accessory digestive organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas

5. Esophagus • From pharynx to stomach: • Salivary glands release mucus for lubrication, antimicrobial agents, and amylase to digest starch. • Epiglottis covers respiratory tract during swallowing • At end of esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) • Propulsion of food occurs through peristalsis: • Contraction occurs behind the bolus of food and relaxation occurs ahead of the bolus of food

6. Small Intestine • Small intestine is from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve • 21 ft. in length, small in diameter compared to large intestine Regions of the small intestine: • duodenum: absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, Ca2+, iron • jejuneum: absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, Ca2+, iron • ileum: absorption of bile salts, vitamin B12, water electrolytes. • Villi/ microvilli: increases surface area for absorption • Core of villus: • blood capillaries: absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids • lymphatic vessels (central lacteal): absorption of fats

7. Large Intestine • Large intestine is from the ileocecal valve to theanus • Parts of the large intestine: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal • contains no villi • involved in absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamins. • Contains bacteria E-Coli which serve a number of functions • absorption of vitamins (B and K) • produce small fatty acids used as energy by GI epithelial cells • help breakdown indigestible molecules • final water content of feces is about 200 ml

8. Stomach Functions: • store food • initiate digestion of proteins-peptoids • kill bacteria with the strong acidity (low pH of the gastric juice) HCL • make chyme • material passed from the stomach to the small intestine is called the chyme.

9. Liver • Major functions: • Production and secretion of bile-breaks down fats • Detoxication of blood-toxins • Secretion and storage of glucose • Production of albumin • Stores fat soluble vitamins-A,D,K,E • Liver clears substances via the bile duct in a similar manner to the way the kidney clears substances into the nephron. Gall bladder-looks like a thumb • Gallbladder stores bile.

10. PANCREAS • Pancreatic juice contains: • Produces insulin-controls blood sugar level • water: H2O • bicarbonate: HCO3- • amylase: digests starch • trypsin: digests protein • lipase: digests fatty acids

11. EnzymesChemicals that breakdown food into simpler form • Amylase-changes starch and dextrin to maltose • Pepsin- Converts proteins to peptones and proteoses • Trypsin-Changes proteins to peptones and proteoses to peptids • Lipase-changes fats to fatty acids and glycerin • Erepsin-Changes peptids to amino acids • Maltase-Changes maltose to glucose • Lactase-changes lactose to glucose and galactose • Sucrase-changes sugar to glucose and fructose

13. Gastritis-inflammation of the stomach.  drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, vomiting repetitively, prolonged stress, or taking certain types of medications that can damage the stomach, such as aspirin, narcotic pills. Gastritis can also be caused by a type of bacteria known as Helicobacter pylori-bacteria in the stomach. • Hemorrhoids-inflammation of the rectum and or anus area-blood vessels. The veins around your anus tend to stretch under pressure and may bulge or swell. Swollen veins (hemorrhoids) can develop from increased pressure in the lower rectum . Hemorrhoids are more likely with aging because the tissues that support the veins in your rectum and anus can weaken and stretch. • Hernia-intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall Anything that causes an increase in pressure in the abdomen can cause a hernia, including: Lifting heavy objects without stabilizing the abdominal muscles. Diarrhea or constipation. Persistent coughing or sneezing. • Ulcers-“bacteria” breaking down the mucin layer in the stomach exposing the inner layer-mucosa layer of the stomach. Mucus in the stomach functions as a buffer between the stomach acid and the tissue in the stomach. When this mucus stops working the acid comes directly into contact with the lining and causes the issue with the lining and the intestine. Ulcers generally are not caused by stress and diet, but these two factors can aggravate an existing ulcer Additionally, stress can raise a person’s risk factors for an ulcer. Some ulcers occur as a result of bacterial infection • Hepatitis-viral infections of the liver A & B & C (itis=Inflammation) Body fluids of infected person, “A”-raw sewage, infected person not washing hands whom is a carrier, “C”-needle use-addicts. Most contact travelling out the US. • Diarrhea-liquid state of waste-feces. Food poisoning, food allergy, food intolerance, Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, Celiac Disease, Medications others. • Constipation-solid state of the waste-feces. Lack of water intake, diets are lacking in adequate fiber, if we don’t exercise, if we smoke, or if we drink to excess, painkillers and antidepressants • Acid Reflux-value at the end of the esophagus-food, gastric juices, HCl, back washes into the esophagus. • Colitis-Irritable bowel syndrome-IBS Irritable bowel syndrome-Spastic colon spontaneous contractions or loss of movement of the muscles in the small and large intestines Abdominal bloating, cramping abdominal, pain, constipation, diarrhea.

14. Disorders: • Crohn’s Disease • Causes: unknown Environmental, genetics, overactive immune system • Chronic inflammation bowel disease (IBD) • Effects especially the last part of the small intestine, but can affect from mouth to anus area. • Age 15-35 700,00 people in US • Symptoms: Flare up Diagnosis: • Abdominal pain blood test • Diarrhea stool test • Fever video capsule endoscopy • Weight loss barium x-ray • Vomiting • Dehydration Treatment: Diet/Medication Selera/Humira

15. Celiac Disease 1 out of 133-141 people diagnosed • Disorder to the digestive tract caused by the autoimmune system disorder • Gluten sensitivity-protein found in wheat, rye, barley • Symptoms: • Gas • Bloating • Cramps • Diarrhea • Common foods: • Pasta’s, breads, crackers, seasonings, spices and some fried foods. Grains not allowed • Avoid all foods and drinks containing the following: • Wheat • Barley • Rye • Triticale (a cross between wheat and rye) • Oats (in some cases) • While oats are naturally gluten-free, they may be contaminated during production with wheat, barley or rye. • No cure!-Prevention • Treatment: Diet/Fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, fish, potatoes, dairy products • Diagnosis: Blood test for antibodies

16. A gluten-free diet is a diet that excludes the protein gluten. Gluten is found in grains such as wheat, barley, rye, and a cross between wheat and rye called triticale Celiac disease is a condition in which gluten triggers immune system activity that damages the lining of the small intestine. Over time this damage prevents the absorption of nutrients from food. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity causes some signs and symptoms associated with celiac disease —including abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, "foggy brain," rash or headache —even though there is no damage to the tissues of the small intestine. Studies show that the immune system plays a role, but the process isn't well-understood. Gluten ataxia, an autoimmune disorder, affects certain nerve tissues and causes problems with muscle control and voluntary muscle movement. Wheat allergy, like other food allergies, is the result of the immune system mistaking gluten or some other protein found in wheat as a disease-causing agent, such as a virus or bacteria. The immune system creates an antibody to the protein, prompting an immune system response that may result in congestion, breathing difficulties and other symptoms Wheat terms to know There are different varieties of wheat, all of which contain wheat gluten: Durum Einkorn Emmer Kamut Spelt

17. Allowed fresh foods: • Many naturally gluten-free foods can be a part of a healthy diet: • Fruits and vegetables • Beans, seeds and nuts in their natural, unprocessed forms • Eggs • Lean, non-processed meats, fish and poultry • Most low-fat dairy products • Grains, starches or flours that you can include in a gluten-free diet include: • Amaranth • Arrowroot • Buckwheat • Corn and cornmeal • Flax • Gluten-free flours (rice, soy, corn, potato, bean) • Hominy (corn) • Millet • Quinoa • Rice • Sorghum • Soy • Tapioca (cassava root) • Teff

18. Avoid the following foods unless they're labeled as gluten-free or made with corn, rice, soy or other gluten-free grain: Beer, ale, porter, stout (usually barley) Breads Bulgur Cakes and pies Candies Cereals Communion wafers Cookies and crackers Croutons French fries Gravies Imitation meat or seafood Malt, malt flavoring and other malt products (barley) Matzo Pastas Hot dogs and processed luncheon meats Salad dressings Sauces, including soy sauce Seasoned rice mixes Seasoned snack foods, such as potato and tortilla chip Self-basting poultry Vegetables in sauce Soups, bouillon or soup mixes Explanation of the digestive system-Kids power point https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/digestive-system.html http://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/digestive-system/ https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/gluten-free-diet/art-20048530