Chapter 9 America s Anti-Evolution Crusade

1. Chapter 9America�s Anti-Evolution Crusade Scott Gevaert

2. Outline Early Anti-evolutionists The players of the 1920�s The Scopes �Monkey� Trial Post-Scopes Modern day crusades

3. Evangelism & Fundamentalism Dwight L. Moody (1837-1899) American evangelist and publisher; founded many churches and organizations Laid the groundwork for evangelism in U.S. William B. Riley (1861-1947) Grand Old Man of Fundamentalism Set up Anti-Evolution League in Minnesota in 1923, became the Anti-Evolution League of America in 1924 Teaching of evolution in public schools his target His World Christian Fundamentals Association recommended Bryan to do the Scopes Trial Dwight Moody: founded Moody Church, Moody Bible Institute, Moody Publishers; influenced cross-cultural Christian missions, such as those to China; created a version of �The Wordless Book,� which is a way to teach non-english readers or those who are illiterate to understand the Bible; �damned false doctrine of materialistic evolution as one critical sin-inducing temptation afflicting modern life.� William B. Riley: promoted vigorous anti-evolution campaign in U.S. northwest in 1920�s; Riley�s main objection to evolution: �The first and most important reason for its elimination is in the unquestioned fact that evolution is not a science; it is a hypothesis only, a speculation.� Along with Riley and Bryan, T.T. Martin, a creationist, said that the German soldiers who killed Belgian and French children by giving them poisoned candy were angels compared to those who spread evolution ideas in schools. Charles Hodge: not mentioned above, however, he said Darwinism was in essence, atheism; he could not fathom natural laws along to have created complex organisms that fit into their niches almost perfectly; however, he didn�t consider evolutionary ideas to be in conflict with religion, but was concerned with its teaching in America, especially in colleges.Dwight Moody: founded Moody Church, Moody Bible Institute, Moody Publishers; influenced cross-cultural Christian missions, such as those to China; created a version of �The Wordless Book,� which is a way to teach non-english readers or those who are illiterate to understand the Bible; �damned false doctrine of materialistic evolution as one critical sin-inducing temptation afflicting modern life.� William B. Riley: promoted vigorous anti-evolution campaign in U.S. northwest in 1920�s; Riley�s main objection to evolution: �The first and most important reason for its elimination is in the unquestioned fact that evolution is not a science; it is a hypothesis only, a speculation.� Along with Riley and Bryan, T.T. Martin, a creationist, said that the German soldiers who killed Belgian and French children by giving them poisoned candy were angels compared to those who spread evolution ideas in schools. Charles Hodge: not mentioned above, however, he said Darwinism was in essence, atheism; he could not fathom natural laws along to have created complex organisms that fit into their niches almost perfectly; however, he didn�t consider evolutionary ideas to be in conflict with religion, but was concerned with its teaching in America, especially in colleges.

4. William Ashley �Billy� Sunday 1862-1935 Father served and died in Union army Grew up in poverty, orphanage Played NL baseball 1883-1891 Converted to evangelism mid 1880�s Married in 1888; wife became manager -Mother gave up her children to orphanage because of the family�s povery level -Signed with Chicago White Stockings in 1883, was traded to the Pittsburgh Alleghenies in 1888; then to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1890; in 1891 he was asked to be released from his contract with the Phillies so he could follow a higher purpose (through his ministry) -both he and his wife were engaged when they first met, but called each other�s off to get together; wife became his manager on his roadtrips because they spent little time together and were concerned about growing apart; the kids were left with a nanny-Mother gave up her children to orphanage because of the family�s povery level -Signed with Chicago White Stockings in 1883, was traded to the Pittsburgh Alleghenies in 1888; then to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1890; in 1891 he was asked to be released from his contract with the Phillies so he could follow a higher purpose (through his ministry) -both he and his wife were engaged when they first met, but called each other�s off to get together; wife became his manager on his roadtrips because they spent little time together and were concerned about growing apart; the kids were left with a nanny

5. Billy Sunday Sermons Supported prohibition Forced towns to build him tabernacles Campaigned across U.S., started in Midwest Guest of wealthy/influential Became wealthy: made $1,000,000+ in 20 years Against eugenics, evolution, immigration from parts of Europe Also criticized dancing, playing cards, attending the theater and reading novels -tabernacles needed to be built after the tent he had been using collapsed during a strong snow storm in Colorado; tabernacles came at great expense to towns, most of them tore it down after he finished -New York Tabernacle: 18,000 seating, $68,000 cost to build -ordained by the Presbyterian Church in 1903 -remained a support of the poor, despite his obvious wealth� -passionately supported World War I (staunchly against what Germans were doing) -even after appeal of prohibition he continued to preach for its reinstatement -health worsened as he traveled. Had a mild heart attack in 1935 and despite doctors warnings to stop preaching, he continued and it led to his death -his sons were a disgrace to Billy, because they participated in all that he preached against -paid blackmail to several women to keep scandals quiet (concerning sons) -only daughter died in 1932 of multiple sclerosis -oldest son committed suicide in 1933; he had been conflicted with financial troubles-tabernacles needed to be built after the tent he had been using collapsed during a strong snow storm in Colorado; tabernacles came at great expense to towns, most of them tore it down after he finished -New York Tabernacle: 18,000 seating, $68,000 cost to build -ordained by the Presbyterian Church in 1903 -remained a support of the poor, despite his obvious wealth� -passionately supported World War I (staunchly against what Germans were doing) -even after appeal of prohibition he continued to preach for its reinstatement -health worsened as he traveled. Had a mild heart attack in 1935 and despite doctors warnings to stop preaching, he continued and it led to his death -his sons were a disgrace to Billy, because they participated in all that he preached against -paid blackmail to several women to keep scandals quiet (concerning sons) -only daughter died in 1932 of multiple sclerosis -oldest son committed suicide in 1933; he had been conflicted with financial troubles

6. William Jennings Bryan 1912 Secretary of State to Pres. Wilson Left administration over disagreement on war Fought for woman�s rights and prohibition Held science responsible for the weakening of moral standards Attacked evolution in 1921 �Menace of Darwinism� Worked to ban teaching of evolution in public schools Praised Tennessee for passing the Butler Act in 1925 Served on prosecution in the Scopes Trial -youngest to be nominated for the President; He lost to Republican William McKinley, receiving 47 percent of the vote to McKinley�s 51 -saw no line between politics and religion -As a young man, he had �looked into evolution.� He found the theory improbable and �resolved to have nothing to do with it.� -Prof. James A Leuba�s statistical study showing that college education eroded young people�s religious faith convinced Bryan that evolution presented a real and present danger to the country�s moral health. Leuba concluded, �young people enter college possessed of the beliefs still accepted �in the average home of the land,� but �40 to 45 percent� leave college denying or doubting �the fundamental dogmas of the Christian religion.� Also Leuba found that only 16.9% of biology professors still believed in God -Bryan identified evolution as �the most paralyzing influence with which civilization has had to contend during the last century.� -He argued that persons �who worship brute ancestors� should �build their own colleges and employ their own teachers� rather than use the public schools to preach their �godless doctrine.� -Bryan urged enactment of laws that contained no penalty provisions and proscribed only the teaching of evolution �as fact.� �A book that merely contains it as an hypothesis,� Bryan said, �can be considered as giving information as to views held, which is very different from teaching it as fact.�-youngest to be nominated for the President; He lost to Republican William McKinley, receiving 47 percent of the vote to McKinley�s 51 -saw no line between politics and religion -As a young man, he had �looked into evolution.� He found the theory improbable and �resolved to have nothing to do with it.� -Prof. James A Leuba�s statistical study showing that college education eroded young people�s religious faith convinced Bryan that evolution presented a real and present danger to the country�s moral health. Leuba concluded, �young people enter college possessed of the beliefs still accepted �in the average home of the land,� but �40 to 45 percent� leave college denying or doubting �the fundamental dogmas of the Christian religion.� Also Leuba found that only 16.9% of biology professors still believed in God -Bryan identified evolution as �the most paralyzing influence with which civilization has had to contend during the last century.� -He argued that persons �who worship brute ancestors� should �build their own colleges and employ their own teachers� rather than use the public schools to preach their �godless doctrine.� -Bryan urged enactment of laws that contained no penalty provisions and proscribed only the teaching of evolution �as fact.� �A book that merely contains it as an hypothesis,� Bryan said, �can be considered as giving information as to views held, which is very different from teaching it as fact.�

7. Bryan in Scopes Trial William Riley asked him to serve on the prosecution Was optimistic that the people would choose what they supported in their schools Helped Atty. General Stewart assemble an all-star prosecution team Spent his two weeks in Dayton in a local residence; spent much of first days doing publicity in town �The contest between evolution and Christianity is a duel to the death. If evolution wins, Christianity goes.� -spent the first four days of the trial listening and waving a large palm-leaf fan -Bryan observed to reporters that the palm leaf�s design is evidence of �the great eternal plan of adapting all nature to man�s use� -Only met with the prosecution team once in Nashville, prior to trial-spent the first four days of the trial listening and waving a large palm-leaf fan -Bryan observed to reporters that the palm leaf�s design is evidence of �the great eternal plan of adapting all nature to man�s use� -Only met with the prosecution team once in Nashville, prior to trial

8. Clarence Darrow 1857-1938 Father-abolitionist, Mother-woman�s rights advocate Corporate, labor and criminal lawyer Leopold & Loeb case-1924 Scopes Trial-1925 1900-1970 Law degree from Univ. of Kentucky 1924 Became football coach in Dayton and substitute teacher Businessmen of Dayton talked him into trial as a publicity stunt Never taught evolution, all was a hoax -Leopold and Loeb, teenage sons of wealthy Chicago families accused of kidnapping and killing a 14 year old boy -wanted to see what it would be like to commit the ultimate crime -Darrow convinced them to plead guilty then argued for life in prison instead of death penalty -Darrow was a committed determinist and agnostic; it is said that his father Americus (the village atheist and eccentric) bequethed �a nonconforming spirit, a skeptical mind, and freelance politics that drifted toward cynicism.� -As soon as he heard Bryan had joined the prosecution, he wanted a piece of the action --The ACLU was reluctant to bring Darrow into the defense team, but Scopes insisted on having him. --Scopes said after the trial: that Darrow had �a greater influence on my life than any other man I have ever known, except my father.� -Scopes born & raised in Paducah, KY -Scopes attended high school in Salem, IL; same town where Bryan raised.-Leopold and Loeb, teenage sons of wealthy Chicago families accused of kidnapping and killing a 14 year old boy -wanted to see what it would be like to commit the ultimate crime -Darrow convinced them to plead guilty then argued for life in prison instead of death penalty -Darrow was a committed determinist and agnostic; it is said that his father Americus (the village atheist and eccentric) bequethed �a nonconforming spirit, a skeptical mind, and freelance politics that drifted toward cynicism.� -As soon as he heard Bryan had joined the prosecution, he wanted a piece of the action --The ACLU was reluctant to bring Darrow into the defense team, but Scopes insisted on having him. --Scopes said after the trial: that Darrow had �a greater influence on my life than any other man I have ever known, except my father.� -Scopes born & raised in Paducah, KY -Scopes attended high school in Salem, IL; same town where Bryan raised.

9. Scopes �Monkey� Trial Bryan delivered opening speech for prosecution; one hour, and most thought it was unintelligible-buffoonery; received a mild applause Dudley Malone delivered opening for defense; fought for keeping childrens� minds open to the possibilities; received great applause The prosecution opened with the book of Genesis and proceeded to ask Scopes� students about his lectures Darrow cross-examined sarcastically: �did he tell you anything else that was wicked?� -A jury of twelve men, including ten (mostly middle-aged) farmers and eleven regular church-goers, was quickly selected. -ACLU wanted someone to file lawsuit on behalf of b/c Butler Law was unconstitutional -trial held in Dayton, TN where Scopes was coach and substitute teacher -Bryan (picture) held a copy of Hunter�s Civic Biology in one hand and his fan it the other, he walked from the prosecution table to the front of the courtroom. -Bryan switched speech from obvious guilt of Scopes to absurdities of Darwin -Bryan quoted Darwin as tracing man�s ancestry to �Old World monkeys���Not even from American monkeys,� Bryan complained, �but from Old World monkeys.� Evolutionists �have no proof� to support their theory, Bryan continued, and they cannot even �tell you how life began.� -he claimed The purpose of teaching evolution is plain. It �is to banish from the hearts of the people the Word of God as revealed.� -Many reporters thought Bryan�s remarks, especially his suggestion that man was not a mammal, were evidence of buffoonery. -Even some of Bryan�s supporters conceded that his oratory often showed few signs of a penetrating intelligence. -Malone complimented his old boss at the State Department: �Probably no man in the United States has done more to establish certain standards of conduct in the�world of politics,� -Malone argued that Bryan is not the only one who believes in God. He argued that now was not the time to fear truth. -�The children of this generation are pretty wise,� Malone observed. �If we teach them the truth as best we understand it, they might �make a better world of this that we have been able to make of it�.For God�s sake, let the children have their minds kept open.� -The crowd erupted in the longest�and loudest�applause of the entire trial. The courtroom took fifteen minutes to calm. After their session had ended: -Bryan said in a low, shaking voice to Malone: �Dudley, that was the greatest speech I ever heard.� -�Thank you, Mr. Bryan,� Malone replied. �I am terribly sorry that I was the one who had to do it.�-A jury of twelve men, including ten (mostly middle-aged) farmers and eleven regular church-goers, was quickly selected. -ACLU wanted someone to file lawsuit on behalf of b/c Butler Law was unconstitutional -trial held in Dayton, TN where Scopes was coach and substitute teacher -Bryan (picture) held a copy of Hunter�s Civic Biology in one hand and his fan it the other, he walked from the prosecution table to the front of the courtroom. -Bryan switched speech from obvious guilt of Scopes to absurdities of Darwin -Bryan quoted Darwin as tracing man�s ancestry to �Old World monkeys���Not even from American monkeys,� Bryan complained, �but from Old World monkeys.� Evolutionists �have no proof� to support their theory, Bryan continued, and they cannot even �tell you how life began.� -he claimed The purpose of teaching evolution is plain. It �is to banish from the hearts of the people the Word of God as revealed.� -Many reporters thought Bryan�s remarks, especially his suggestion that man was not a mammal, were evidence of buffoonery. -Even some of Bryan�s supporters conceded that his oratory often showed few signs of a penetrating intelligence. -Malone complimented his old boss at the State Department: �Probably no man in the United States has done more to establish certain standards of conduct in the�world of politics,� -Malone argued that Bryan is not the only one who believes in God. He argued that now was not the time to fear truth. -�The children of this generation are pretty wise,� Malone observed. �If we teach them the truth as best we understand it, they might �make a better world of this that we have been able to make of it�.For God�s sake, let the children have their minds kept open.� -The crowd erupted in the longest�and loudest�applause of the entire trial. The courtroom took fifteen minutes to calm. After their session had ended: -Bryan said in a low, shaking voice to Malone: �Dudley, that was the greatest speech I ever heard.� -�Thank you, Mr. Bryan,� Malone replied. �I am terribly sorry that I was the one who had to do it.�

10. Scopes Comics -Most comics in the media depicted W.J. Bryan as an idiot or the extinguisher of science education -Songs were made to support Bryan�s crusade-Most comics in the media depicted W.J. Bryan as an idiot or the extinguisher of science education -Songs were made to support Bryan�s crusade

11. Scopes �Monkey� Trial Monday July 20 2-hour confrontation between Darrow and Bryan Occurred on courthouse lawn b/c floor was cracking under weight of spectators Darrow grilled Bryan on his literal interpretations of the Bible Darrow asked about Jonah and the whale, Noah and the flood, and Genesis Bryan said Genesis did not take days, but were periods Bryan conceded that the words of the Bible should not be taken literally Judge expunged testimony, but damage done Lost fundamentalist and public support -Darrow asked Bryan if he had studied the Bible exhaustively, to which Bryan said about 50 years. -Darrow asked Brayn about Biblical stories, such as: a whale swallowing Jonah, Joshua making the sun stand still, Noah and the great flood, the temptation of Adam in the garden of Eden, and the creation according to Genesis. -Bryan�s concession in his testimony that the �days� of Genesis might be �periods� made obvious for the first time that his theory of Biblical interpretation was not one of strict literalism. -Darrow�s relentless questioning and sarcasm took its toll on the Great Commoner. -On his feet, shaking his fist at his antagonist, Bryan shouted, �I want the world to know that this man, who does not believe in a God, is trying to use a court in Tennessee�.� -Darrow, also standing and shaking his fist, cut him off: �I object your statement. I am exempting you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes.� -Judge Raulston had enough. He banged his gavel and announced that the court stood adjourned until the next morning. -Darrow asked Bryan if he had studied the Bible exhaustively, to which Bryan said about 50 years. -Darrow asked Brayn about Biblical stories, such as: a whale swallowing Jonah, Joshua making the sun stand still, Noah and the great flood, the temptation of Adam in the garden of Eden, and the creation according to Genesis. -Bryan�s concession in his testimony that the �days� of Genesis might be �periods� made obvious for the first time that his theory of Biblical interpretation was not one of strict literalism. -Darrow�s relentless questioning and sarcasm took its toll on the Great Commoner. -On his feet, shaking his fist at his antagonist, Bryan shouted, �I want the world to know that this man, who does not believe in a God, is trying to use a court in Tennessee�.� -Darrow, also standing and shaking his fist, cut him off: �I object your statement. I am exempting you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes.� -Judge Raulston had enough. He banged his gavel and announced that the court stood adjourned until the next morning.

12. Scopes �Monkey� Trial Darrow asked jury to return a guilty verdict, cut off Bryan�s closing argument, judge fined Scopes $100 Bryan was described as a �pitiable, punch-drunk warrior� Darrow was described as an �anti-religious cynic� Six days after the trial Bryan laid down for a nap and never woke up The press speculated a broken heart Darrow, hiking in the Smoky Mountains, commented to the press on Bryan�s death: �Broken heart, nothing. He died of a busted belly.� �His death is a great loss to the American people.�-in a much louder voice TN Supreme Court overruled fine on a technicality-the jury should have set the fine, not Judge Raulston -Darrow assumed the TN Supreme Court would overrule the decision because the law was unconstitutional -Of the fifteen states with anti- evolution legislation pending in 1925, only two states (Arkansas and Mississippi) enacted laws restricting teaching of Darwin's theory. -Tennessee Supreme Court also dismissed the case: The court commented, "Nothing is to be gained by prolonging the life of this bizarre case."-Darrow assumed the TN Supreme Court would overrule the decision because the law was unconstitutional -Of the fifteen states with anti- evolution legislation pending in 1925, only two states (Arkansas and Mississippi) enacted laws restricting teaching of Darwin's theory. -Tennessee Supreme Court also dismissed the case: The court commented, "Nothing is to be gained by prolonging the life of this bizarre case."

13. 1950�s & 60�s 1950: Pope Pius XII accepts evolution as a hypothesis worthy of in-depth study and stressed distinction between human body and human soul 1955: Inherit the Wind Playwrights Lawrence and Lee use Scopes Trial to protest against social conservatism and mob rule Battle of science v. religion, without historic accuracy 1967: New view of humans and apes leaves humans more closely related to African apes than apes are to orangutans; estimated that humans and chimps share 98% of genes 1968: Supreme Court strikes law against evolution in Arkansas 1950: Catholic Church said that a human body may have descended from other creature, however, the human soul was created by God alone. "If the human body takes its origin from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God." -Pope Pius XII concluded that "The teaching of the Church leaves the doctrine of evolution an open question.� 1955: Playwrights: Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee -The script wildly and unjustly caricatures the fundamentalists as vicious and narrow-minded hypocrites.� -Made into a movie in 1960. -Spencer Tracy, playing Harry Drummond (based on Darrow) examines Fredric March, playing Matthew Harrison Brady (based on Bryan) in the film version 1953: Also had DNA double helix discovered and Stanley Miller�s amino acids created. 1967: Vincent Sarich and Allen Wilson compared the DNA of humans, orangutans, and African apes (gorillas and chimps)-1950: Catholic Church said that a human body may have descended from other creature, however, the human soul was created by God alone. "If the human body takes its origin from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God." -Pope Pius XII concluded that "The teaching of the Church leaves the doctrine of evolution an open question.� 1955: Playwrights: Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee -The script wildly and unjustly caricatures the fundamentalists as vicious and narrow-minded hypocrites.� -Made into a movie in 1960. -Spencer Tracy, playing Harry Drummond (based on Darrow) examines Fredric March, playing Matthew Harrison Brady (based on Bryan) in the film version 1953: Also had DNA double helix discovered and Stanley Miller�s amino acids created. 1967: Vincent Sarich and Allen Wilson compared the DNA of humans, orangutans, and African apes (gorillas and chimps)-

14. 1970�s and 80�s 1970�s: Overturning of anti-evolution laws spurs the teaching of creationism as a scientific approach 1974: Discovery of Lucy leads debate on human origins 1975: Lawsuits allege NSF using federal funds to establish secular humanism as official U.S. religion (evolution as foundation of biology) 1980�s: Creationism goes global, started in U.S. 1981: �Equal Time� bills-LA & AR adopt bills to make high schools give equal time to teaching evolution and creationism 1982: McLean v. Ark Board of Ed, federal court overturns AR equal time bill as various religious groups protest it because it is not following a scientific method LA bill overturned in 1987 1970s: Creation scientists argue that science can confirm the account of Creation as given literally in the Bible 1974: Lucy ignites debate over human origins. --Donald Johanson announced the find of the 4-million-year-old fossil. --The 40 percent complete skeleton offers evidence that an ancient human ancestor had a small, ape-size brain and walked upright. --Anti-evolutionists are less charmed by the fossil, which turns human evolution into headline news. 1975: Christians behind the suit try to apply the same legal arguments used to ban religion in public schools. --The suit reaches the U.S. Supreme Court in 1975 and is rejected. 1975: Edward O. Wilson generates a new flurry of debate over whether human behavior is biologically determined. Coins term sociobiology as a field that looks at the social behavior of all animals. --expert on social insects, saw the power of evolution to shape complex behavior --stirred conversy when he used an evolutionary framework to explain the rise of religion in human society 1981: Equal Time bills --Arkansas bill alludes to the study of a worldwide flood and other events noted in the Bible, yet avoids using explicitly biblical terms --Louisiana bill makes no reference to the flood, even though creation science is rooted in the ideas of flood geology 1982: McLean vs. Arkansas Board of Education --most groups testifying against the creationist bill are religious, rather than scientific --Methodist, Catholic, and Jewish organizations argue that evolution is the mainstay of biology, and that biblical creationism does not belong in science classrooms. --Judge�s final ruling notes that creation science fails to meet the essential characteristics of science: creationists "do not take data, weigh it against the opposing scientific data, and thereafter reach conclusions.� 1987: Louisiana bill overturned --Supreme Court rules that the bill's intent is to "restructure the science curriculum to conform with a particular religious viewpoint.� --Does not put an end to a nationwide campaign to place creation science in public schools1970s: Creation scientists argue that science can confirm the account of Creation as given literally in the Bible 1974: Lucy ignites debate over human origins. --Donald Johanson announced the find of the 4-million-year-old fossil. --The 40 percent complete skeleton offers evidence that an ancient human ancestor had a small, ape-size brain and walked upright. --Anti-evolutionists are less charmed by the fossil, which turns human evolution into headline news. 1975: Christians behind the suit try to apply the same legal arguments used to ban religion in public schools. --The suit reaches the U.S. Supreme Court in 1975 and is rejected. 1975: Edward O. Wilson generates a new flurry of debate over whether human behavior is biologically determined. Coins term sociobiology as a field that looks at the social behavior of all animals. --expert on social insects, saw the power of evolution to shape complex behavior --stirred conversy when he used an evolutionary framework to explain the rise of religion in human society 1981: Equal Time bills --Arkansas bill alludes to the study of a worldwide flood and other events noted in the Bible, yet avoids using explicitly biblical terms --Louisiana bill makes no reference to the flood, even though creation science is rooted in the ideas of flood geology 1982: McLean vs. Arkansas Board of Education --most groups testifying against the creationist bill are religious, rather than scientific --Methodist, Catholic, and Jewish organizations argue that evolution is the mainstay of biology, and that biblical creationism does not belong in science classrooms. --Judge�s final ruling notes that creation science fails to meet the essential characteristics of science: creationists "do not take data, weigh it against the opposing scientific data, and thereafter reach conclusions.� 1987: Louisiana bill overturned --Supreme Court rules that the bill's intent is to "restructure the science curriculum to conform with a particular religious viewpoint.� --Does not put an end to a nationwide campaign to place creation science in public schools

15. 1990�s 1990: Intelligent Design theory argues an irreducible complexity in the living world that can�t be explained by evolution; avoids religions reference� 1994-95: Textbook disclaimers in LA & AL stating that evolution is just a theory, controversial, and should not challenge religious creationism 1996: Michael Behe (ID) calls living cell �Darwin�s Black Box� and is too complex to have evolved gradually. 1996: Pope John Paul II endorses evolution--there is no conflict between evolutionary science and Catholicism 1999: Kansas B of E strikes evolution from curriculum, as well as Big Bang Theory and all refs to earth as billions of years old; quickly overturned in 2001 1990: ID --intelligent designer may be implicit for GOD 1994-95: Textbooks --Louisiana passes a requirement that whenever evolution is taught, students must be informed that the material is "not intended to influence or dissuade the Biblical version of creation.� Makes evolution look shaky. --Alabama Board of Education: All biology texts must note that evolution is "controversial" and "a theory, not a fact." By calling evolution "controversial," it casts a dark shadow on what most scientists maintain is the well-proven foundation of biology. 1996: Darwin�s Black Box --Behe likens a living cell to a mousetrap, which requires many parts arranged in a specific way in order to function. --Behe�s book is packed with molecular biology which makes it appear scientifically credible, however, his book is severely criticized by many scientists -- including some of whose work was cited as evidence against evolution. 1996: Pope John Paul II --By distinguishing between body and spirit, his predecessor Pius XII opened the door for Catholic acceptance of evolution. --"It is indeed remarkable," he writes, "that this theory has been progressively accepted by researchers, following a series of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favor of this theory.� 1999: Kansas Board of Education --voted 6-4 to drop evolution from their list of required science topics --one board member voting with the majority, argues that teaching intelligent design theory (ID) as an alternative to Darwinism doesn't depend on religious belief --School board elections the following year draw lobbyists and funds from around the nation and international media attention1990: ID --intelligent designer may be implicit for GOD 1994-95: Textbooks --Louisiana passes a requirement that whenever evolution is taught, students must be informed that the material is "not intended to influence or dissuade the Biblical version of creation.� Makes evolution look shaky. --Alabama Board of Education: All biology texts must note that evolution is "controversial" and "a theory, not a fact." By calling evolution "controversial," it casts a dark shadow on what most scientists maintain is the well-proven foundation of biology. 1996: Darwin�s Black Box --Behe likens a living cell to a mousetrap, which requires many parts arranged in a specific way in order to function. --Behe�s book is packed with molecular biology which makes it appear scientifically credible, however, his book is severely criticized by many scientists -- including some of whose work was cited as evidence against evolution. 1996: Pope John Paul II --By distinguishing between body and spirit, his predecessor Pius XII opened the door for Catholic acceptance of evolution. --"It is indeed remarkable," he writes, "that this theory has been progressively accepted by researchers, following a series of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favor of this theory.� 1999: Kansas Board of Education --voted 6-4 to drop evolution from their list of required science topics --one board member voting with the majority, argues that teaching intelligent design theory (ID) as an alternative to Darwinism doesn't depend on religious belief --School board elections the following year draw lobbyists and funds from around the nation and international media attention

16. Current Anti-Evolution Blount County, TN, Apr. 2003 Board of Education votes not to adopt biology textbooks because they do not represent creationism alongside evolution. Dover, PA, Oct. 2004 School board votes to include intelligent design in the district�s science curriculum (the first in the country) Cobb County, Georgia, Nov. 2004 Lawsuit against the school district over disclaimer on textbooks: �This textbook contains material on evolution. Evolution is a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things. This material should be approached with an open mind, studied carefully, and critically considered.� Dover, PA: -- two school board members resigned in disgust --Done to the support of most of the students, but directly in opposition to the science teachers; vote was 6-3 --"There's only one creator, and it has to be God," said Rebecca Cashman, 16, a sophomore at Dover High. She frowned when asked to recollect what she learned about evolution at school last year. "Evolution -- is that the Darwin theory?" Cashman shook her head. "I don't know just what he was thinking!" --One of the former school board members doesn�t have a problem with people distributing pamphlets or booklets, but he does have a problem with � people shoving this down the throats of our children on taxpayers' dollars.� --�He claims to believe in both God and evolution.� which is a growing trend in America Cobb County: --Judge declares evolution stickers unconstitutional and are forcibly removed from textbooks in 2005Dover, PA: -- two school board members resigned in disgust --Done to the support of most of the students, but directly in opposition to the science teachers; vote was 6-3 --"There's only one creator, and it has to be God," said Rebecca Cashman, 16, a sophomore at Dover High. She frowned when asked to recollect what she learned about evolution at school last year. "Evolution -- is that the Darwin theory?" Cashman shook her head. "I don't know just what he was thinking!" --One of the former school board members doesn�t have a problem with people distributing pamphlets or booklets, but he does have a problem with � people shoving this down the throats of our children on taxpayers' dollars.� --�He claims to believe in both God and evolution.� which is a growing trend in America Cobb County: --Judge declares evolution stickers unconstitutional and are forcibly removed from textbooks in 2005

17. Topeka, Kansas November 8, 2005 State Board of Educators voted 6-4 to adopt new state science standards that impugn the scientific significance of evolution, must teach ID alongside evolution Drives outrage from KS state governor, AAAS, University of Kansas, school teachers in Kansas, and nationally Decision is criticized considerably in media: Family Guy Evolution (courtesy of Fox) January, 2007: new State Board of Education voted to revise state science standards, removing the anti-evolution arguments -National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Teachers Association, both of which denied the state permission to use their copyrighted materials in the standards. -American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) -outrage from Lawrence, KS mayor, business leaders and economic development recruiters hoping to promote biotechnology enterprises in the greater Kansas City area, Nobel laureates, chancellor and the provost of the University of Kansas -National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Teachers Association, both of which denied the state permission to use their copyrighted materials in the standards. -American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) -outrage from Lawrence, KS mayor, business leaders and economic development recruiters hoping to promote biotechnology enterprises in the greater Kansas City area, Nobel laureates, chancellor and the provost of the University of Kansas

18. Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Bobby Henderson wrote an open letter to the Kansas State Board of Education voicing his concern that his church�s view were not being taught alongside ID in Kansas schools Sparked a worldwide effort to voice concerns about anti-evolution sentiment in America -Four Kansas State Board of Educator members responded: three of them who voted against the measure, enjoyed the satire and amusement of FSM; the fourth voted for the measure and did not appreciate the mockery Bobby Henderson made of God. -website has an open forum for people to discuss Intelligent Design and creationism, although most of it is just critical mockery of them -people across U.S. and world banded together to fight for science in Kansas, and nationally, and globally -followers call themselves �pastafarians� -Founder doesn�t have a problem with religion, but has a problem with it being taught in a science classroom, as its not science. Wouldn�t have a problem if it was taught in a different classroom.-Four Kansas State Board of Educator members responded: three of them who voted against the measure, enjoyed the satire and amusement of FSM; the fourth voted for the measure and did not appreciate the mockery Bobby Henderson made of God. -website has an open forum for people to discuss Intelligent Design and creationism, although most of it is just critical mockery of them -people across U.S. and world banded together to fight for science in Kansas, and nationally, and globally -followers call themselves �pastafarians� -Founder doesn�t have a problem with religion, but has a problem with it being taught in a science classroom, as its not science. Wouldn�t have a problem if it was taught in a different classroom.

19. Excerpts from letter/website: �We have evidence that a Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe. None of course, were around to see it, but we have written accounts of it.�

20. �You may be interested to know that global warming, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters are a direct effect of the shrinking numbers of Pirates since the 1800s�there is a statistically significant inverse relationship between pirates and global temperature.� -Why did Bobby choose pirates: Because we share 95% of genome with chimps, and 99.9% with pirates.-Why did Bobby choose pirates: Because we share 95% of genome with chimps, and 99.9% with pirates.

21. June 2007 Gallup Poll Belief in evolution by church attendance Belief in evolution by political affiliation

22. References www.anti-evolution.org www.venganza.org http://billysunday.org www.biblebelievers.com/billy_sunday/ www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/revolution/1910.html www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/evolution.htm www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopes.htm http://www.catholic.com/library/adam_eve_and_evolution.asp www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/sunday/sunday02.html www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=27847