TAKS Objective 3

1. TAKS Objective 3 Interrelationships among Living Things Mans’ Effect on the Environment Cycles, and Viruses and Bacteria

2. Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it. Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature cycles.

3. 36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis? F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis? G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide? H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere? J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been validated? A scientist has hypothesized that theexistence of life on Mars is likely becauseMars’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide.

4. 36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis? 

5. Name the Biome

6. What are they referring to? Biosphere – The entire area of the planet that supports life. Biome – An area defined by specific abiotic and biotic factors. Community – The groups of living things in an area and how they relate.

7. Water Cycle Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and ground. Plants respire and water evaporates into clouds where it condenses. The ground filters the water run-off into the rivers and lakes where it evaporates again.

8. 21 The diagram shows physical changes that occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows condensation? A Q B R C S D T

9. Carbon Cycle Glucose C6H12O6 is produced by plants, eaten by animals. Photosynthesis Animals and plants exhale CO2 which is taken in by plants to make glucose Cellular Respiration

10. Nitrogen Cycle

11. Nitrogen Cycle Lightening and bacteria in the ground “fix” Nitrogen into a form usable by plants. It is absorbed by plants, through their roots as nitrates, so they can be used to build amino acids essential for building proteins, enzymes and the nitrogen bases of DNA.

12. Rock Cycle

13. Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different species of living things. When both are helped it is called mutualism When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called commensulism When one is helped and the other is harmed it is called parasitism

14. Mutualism . . . Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a Remora. The shark never eats them since they clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both species are helped, this is mutualism.

15. Commensulism . . . Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they are helped by being raised up into the sunshine and receiving water.

16. Parasites . . . Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts food, causing the host to starve to death.

17. And if rhyming helps, Symbiosis means share a living space, Two species in the very same place. Mutualism says that both are helped, Sharing they each get ahead, Commensulism happens as one is helped, One other is just there, ‘nuf said. . . Parasitism means that one is helped, The other gets hurt or dead. Two species in the very same place, Trying to win the survival race.

18. 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of -- A neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism

20. All energy on the earth comes from the sun.

21. Energy Diagrams At one end of the diagram are plants. They are called producers since they are capable of turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them.

22. 10% Energy Rule –Only 10% of the energy moves up to the next trophic level.

23. Trophic Levels: 1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also called herbivores. 2nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are called carnivores. 3rd Order Consumers animals that eat other animals, they also eat plants and are called Omnivores

24. 18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by-  F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide

27. Food Chain – One of many feeding relationships in a community Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow. This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms. When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a . . .

28. Food Web

29. Food Webs Food webs attempt to show all the feeding relationships in a community. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of energy flow. At the beginning of every web and every chain is a plant. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into food.

30. 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their bodies? A Phytoplankton B Zooplankton C Lake trout D Gulls

31. Predator and Prey Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food source for the . . . Predator This is the hunter animal. The population of the predator must be less than the prey or they do not have enough food. If the prey population decreases, the predator population does also.

32. To increase the predator population you could do what? 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? F Fewer prey G A reduction in competition H More parasites J A period of drought

33. Carrying Capacity This is the maximum number of a specific population that an area can support with enough food and living requirements. It is shown by a line on population graphs for a specific species.

34. Your turn! Cholera-causing bacteria belong to the genus Vibrio. Some species of Vibrio cause diseases in chickens and humans. However, some species have mutualistic relationships with fish and other marine life. 1. Which of these is the best example of a mutualistic relationship in an aquatic environment? A Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful bacteria. B Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract that help the fish digest food. C Some bacteria are present in aquatic food chains in which fish are secondary consumers. D Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that recycle nutrients useful to fish.

35. 2 According to the information above, which of these is responsible for the decrease in the black-footed ferret population? F Competition with prairie dogs for resources G Reduced numbers of prairie dogs H Activity of research institutes J Development of managed wildlife areas

36. The collared peccary is often mistaken for a pig. It has a short pig-like snout and crushing molars. The peccary has a mass of 10–20 kg and a shoulder height of about 50 cm. The collared peccary is omnivorous, eating mostly roots, seeds, fruit, cacti, and occasionally insects and mice. Peccaries travel in herds of 6–30 animals. The natural enemies of the peccary are bobcats and coyotes. The collared peccary is often mistaken for a pig. It has a short pig-like snout and crushing molars. c

37. 4 The picture shows a piece of rotting wood. Which of these does the picture demonstrate? F Photosynthesis occurring G Wood regenerating H Decomposers growing J Genes transforming

38. 5 Which word best describes the fungus in the situation above? A Predator B Producer C Parasite D Decomposer

39. And the answers are: B Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract that help the fish digest food. G Reduced numbers of prairie dogs B This is the only one with arrows to the Peccary from plants and mice, and to coyotes and bobcats. H Decomposers growing C The fungus is helped, but the worm is dead. It is not a predator because it does not move to actively seek the worms.

40. Man’s Effects on the Environment Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the atmosphere. However, when it occurs near the ground, it is very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG

41. Man’s Effects on the Environment More than 90% of fresh water is locked in ice at the polar caps and in glaciers. Much of the fresh water is polluted by land run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.

42. Man’s Effects on the Environment Global warming, also called the Greenhouse Effect is caused by excess burning of fossil fuels,destruction of our oxygen producing protista in the oceans, and deforestation on land. Less plants means less oxygen and more CO2.

43. 54 Which of these activities can help conserve natural resources? F Recycling cardboard boxes G Washing small loads of laundry H Driving large cars J Building wooden fences

44. Evolution: The process of change over time. There are natural variations in all populations. As climate changes occur, and as pressures in terms of food, space, shelter and predation occur, some variations allow a species to survive. The members who survive, reproduce causing the change to become a characteristic of the species.

45. 2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at — F competing with birds G making its own food H hiding from predators J running very rapidly

46. And the answer is? H hiding from predators. Its not a plant, so it can’t make food. It has no wings, so it can not compete with birds. Although it has long legs, it doesn’t seem balanced for running.

47. Speciation: Separation into new species. Geographic isolation can cause two different natural variations to become prominent causing 2 separate species. Reproductive isolation can have the same effect.

48. About 10,000 years ago two populations of tassel-eared squirrels were separated from each other. Today these squirrels are so different that they are unable to interbreed when brought together. 44 Which of the following explains this phenomenon? F Competition G Extinction H Predation J Speciation

49. What is extinction and what causes it? A population is extinct when the last of that species is dead. Example: There are no more dinosaurs. What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When they no longer have what they need to live, they die.

50. Fossils These are imprints or remains of living things. In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the deeper it is, the older it is. Give us information about extinct species.

51. Viruses Viruses are not alive because they can not reproduce on their own. They need a host cell, and They do not grow and develop and They do not exchange with their environment

52. 47 Which of these does a virus need in order to multiply? A Chloroplasts from a host cell B A host cell to provide oxygen for the virus C New ADP from a host cell D A host cell to replicate the virus’s DNA

53. Viral Illnesses Measles, mumps, colds, influenza, Cold Sores, HIV, mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus are all illnesses that are caused by a virus. A Virus is has a coat called a capsid, a strand inside of DNA or RNA (genetic material), and some type of attachment appendage.

54. Bacteria Bacteria can cause illnesses too, however 90% of all bacteria is helpful, NOT harmful. Without bacteria, you would not be able to make or eat cheese or ice cream. Without them, you would be ill most of the time. Strep Throat and Staph infections are examples of bacterial infections.

55. An example of a TAKS question. . . 36 Streptococcus infection in a person’s throat can cause pain and fever. Streptococcus can be controlled by antibiotics. Streptococcus is a — F virus G bacterium H protozoan J fungus

56. Your turn! 1. Which of these produces most of the compounds responsible for causing acid rain? A Nuclear fission B Fossil fuels C Solar cells D Windmills

57. 2. A company has decided to market itself as environmentally friendly. If the company is going to sell calculators, the use of which energy source would produce the fewest by-products and the least waste? F Rechargeable batteries G Solar cells H Dry-cell batteries J Tesla coils

58. 3. The diagram shows several phases of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following describes the most likely effect of removing some plants from the area by using chemical herbicides? A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground would be slowed. B The flow of necessary nutrients would be disrupted. C The ability of plants to complete photosynthesis would be increased. D The infiltration of water into the ground would be halted.

59. 4. Many species of bacteria can be found in the human mouth. Which of these explains the great variety of bacteria in the mouth? F Large volumes of air cause bacteria to change form. G Salivary glands cause mutations in bacterial populations. H The presence of nutrients makes the mouth a favorable habitat. J Calcium in the teeth provides a suitable pH environment.

60. 5. Which of the following is found in both cells and viruses? A Silica B Genetic material C Digestive cavity D Flagella

61. And the answers are. . . B Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 and NOx which when mixed with water in the air make acid. F Rechargeable batteries, reduce waste B The flow of nutrients requires the plants’ roots to process the nitrogen. H The mouth is a favorable habitat due to proper temperature and available food. B Genetic material is required in all cells to control cell function, and it is what the virus injects into a host cell to reproduce itself.