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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. 300. Three Scientists, Three Individuals (sec. 2.1). Carl Sagan astronomer author Pulitzer Prize winner Enriqueta Barrera geologist paleontologist Evan B. Forde oceanographer NOAA Researcher . Different Lives, Common Goals.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 300

  2. Three Scientists, Three Individuals (sec. 2.1) • Carl Sagan • astronomer • author • Pulitzer Prize winner • Enriqueta Barrera • geologist • paleontologist • Evan B. Forde • oceanographer • NOAA Researcher

  3. Different Lives, Common Goals • What do you think of when you think of a scientist? • Scientists are very different in many aspects (background, where they work, what they study, etc.). • Do scientists have anything in common? • Yes, the “scientist’s mind” • way of looking at the world with both logic & sense of wonder

  4. Qualities of Scientific Thinking • What are the qualities of scientific thinking? • curious • observant • use evidence • material or data that can be measured to verify or test a prediction • creative/inventive/innovative • form hypothesis-tentative explanation for an observation • skeptical/questioning • logical

  5. What is Scientific Inquiry? (sec. 2.2) • What is science? • an organized process that produces a body of knowledge about nature • based on observation of phenomenon or their effects & experimentation in order to attempt to explain the cause of those effects • goal is to produce useful models of reality • Can you prove anything in science? • No… there is constant refinement as new information becomes available or information is looked at differently. • What is technology? • application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

  6. What is a Law? law (describes “what”) statement of great generality of something in nature which seems to always be true does not give an explanation of “mechanism” or “why” something happens examples Nicolas Steno’s Law of Superposition Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

  7. What is a theory? video clip What is a Theory? • theory (explains “why”) • most logical & complete explanation of event that happens in nature (under certain conditions) • can be used to predict what will happen as long as those conditions are met • based on evidence tested & supported many times (similar to hypothesis but has withstood the test of time) • can change/be refuted based on new evidence • often explains law • has a broad range of significance & application • NOT a “hunch”, “opinion”, or “guess” as often used in common language!!!

  8. What is a theory? video clip Examples of Theories • Theory of Plate Tectonics • Big Bang Theory

  9. What is a Hypothesis? • hypothesis (is a tentative explanation) • developed to: • investigate a scientific question & MUST be testable • explain observations (such as patterns in nature or connections between two variables) • predict the outcome of an experiment (based on observations or prior scientific knowledge) • guide investigator in seeking & paying attention to right data • is NOT proved true or correct (or false or incorrect) • is supported (or refuted) by the data • is NOT written as a question… • may use “If _(IV)_, then _(DV)_, because __.” format • If an object is a darker color, then it will heat faster, because dark colors have lower albedo (reflectivity) than light colors.

  10. The Scientific Method Pose a problem/ Ask a question Do not necessarily have to go in order. http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/overview_scientific_method2.gif

  11. The Scientific Method • identify problem/question to investigate • gather background information • form hypothesis • “If _(IV)_, then _(DV)_, because __.”

  12. The Scientific Method • testhypothesis • using a controlled experiment • experimental design (procedure) • written so that others can easily follow it • like a recipe (detailed, logical sequence, amounts included, diagrams of set-up, etc.) • to be valid has to have two parts…

  13. tests one variable & all others are kept the same independent variable (IV) factor being tested/changed by scientist (to see if it has an effect on the DV) What “I” change dependent variable (DV) factor being measured (to see if it changes in response to a change in the IV) constants or (controlled variables) (C/v) all other factors that are not being tested & must be kept the same (so can’t affect the results) What is a controlled experiment?

  14. two groups must be tested control group nothing is being tested ▪IV is absent “standard” which experimental group is compared to ▪to see if IV had an effect experimental group “test” group(s) ▪IV is changed (one or more variations) “test” group compared to “standard” control group ▪to see if IV had an effect also should have multiple trials (replicates) ensure results are accurate What is a controlled experiment?

  15. The Scientific Method • make observations & collect data (quantitative &/or qualitative) • organize in data tables • interpret data & analyze results • graphs • draw conclusions • support/reject hypothesis (NOT prove/disprove) • conduct additional experiments (revise or discard hypothesis if rejected) • communicate results • report & publish

  16. How does the % silica (sand) content of “lava” (liquid soap) affect its rate of flow (cm/sec)? • independent variable • % silica content of the lava • dependent variable • rate of flow (cm/sec) • constants (controlled variables) • overall volume of mixture poured, type of soap, type of sand, angle of ramp, temperature of mixture, width of ramp, length of ramp…………… • experimental group(s) • groups w/ different % of silica (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) • control group • group w/o silica (0%)

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