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SENEGAL

SENEGAL. Karen Benedicto Rosas African Studies July , 2014. San Luis Potosí Colima Michoacán Mexico City Campeche. GENERAL DATA. Area : 196,722 km2 . SENEGAL AT A GLANCE. Sources : Central Intelligence Agency (2013-2014) / PNUD, Human Development Index 2013.

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SENEGAL

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  1. SENEGAL Karen Benedicto Rosas AfricanStudies July, 2014

  2. San Luis Potosí • Colima • Michoacán • Mexico City • Campeche GENERAL DATA Area: 196,722 km2

  3. SENEGAL AT A GLANCE Sources: Central Intelligence Agency (2013-2014) / PNUD, Human DevelopmentIndex 2013

  4. IMPORTANT ECONOMIC SECTORS • Primary sector occupies 78% of thepopulation. • Maincrops: • Millet • Sorghum • Corn • Peanuts • Cotton Source: Ownelaborationfromthe data providedbyAfricaInfomarkethttp://www.africainfomarket.org/paises/senegal • 42% of theSenegaleselive in thecities

  5. Senegalese are overwhelminglyMuslims (94%), butChristians are alsointegratedinto positions of economic and politicalleadership. • Located in a region of problematicneighbours Senegal, oasis of stability, keyfocus of international (particularly Western) policy in West Africa. • No militarycoups • Relative social peace • Regular elections • Violentlycontestedelections of 1988, erodedthisimage of Senegal.

  6. Governmentsystem: semi-presidencial, democraticrepublic • Electoral system: TwoRound (run-off) • EXECUTIVE BRANCH: • Powerconcentrated in President’shands • 7-year term • Two-termlimitforthePresident • LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: • Parliament (bicameral): • NationalAssembly (150 members): 5-year term • Senate (100 members): 5 year-term • JUDICIAL BRANCH: • Constitutional Council • Court of Justice MembersnamedbyPresident MackySall GOVERNMENT AminataTouré

  7. First French colony in West Africa. • France appliedpolicy of “assimiliation” to grantcolonisedpopulationsthesamepolitical status as French citizens. • Establishment of a highlycentralised and hierarchicaladministration. • Late 1950´s: assimilation to “association” – indirect rule, respect of the culture of colonisedpopulations, administering colonial territoriesthroughtheirownrepresentatives. • Senegalesecitizenstookon a greater role in themanagement of theirterritory and progressively in thepoliticalstrugglefor Independence on20 August 1960. HOW DID IT GET ITS INDEPENDENCE?

  8. Firstconstitution of anindependent Senegal: 26 August 1960. • Powerwassharedbetweenthreepoliticalleaders of theSenegaleseProgressiveUnion (UPS): AFTER INDEPENDENCE:MAIN FACTS Lamine Gueye President of theNationalAssembly MamadouDia President of theCouncil of Government (Head of government) LéopoldSédarSenghou President of theRepublic (Head of State)

  9. Senegal inherited a highlycentralisedadministration, with a highlyethnicallydiverse and largelyilliteratepopulation. • Dependencyonforeignpowerscontinued to prevailontheeconomiclevel. • Despiteconstitutionalrecognition of a multi-partysystemitdidn’tprovidebarriers to the UPS to imposeitsunitaryvision. • 1966: PresidentSenghorcreated a “unifiedparty” – UPS withoppositionparties. • Won elections: • December 1963 • February 1968 1974: politicalpartiesbegan to resurface • January 1973 AFTER INDEPENDENCE:MAIN FACTS

  10. 1980: Senghorannouncedhisresignationfromthepresidency– successorAbdouDiouf. • 1983: Diouf won electionswithin a decliningeconomicalcontext, popular dissatisfaction. • 1988: Once againDioufwinstheelections, explosion of popular discontent in urbanareas led to unprecedentedviolence, declaration of state of emergency. • Early 1990’s: periodicexplosion of violence, at therequest of theoppositionDioufmade electoral reformsendorsedbyallrelevantactors. • Elections 1993: Diouf emerged victoriousagain (limitedexperience of opposition, progressivereforms) AFTER INDEPENDENCE:MAIN FACTS AbdouDiouf

  11. February 2000: Dioufdidnotmanage to gettherequiredabsolutemajority in thefirst round. In thesecond round AbdoulayeWadedefeatedDiouf. Transitionhadbegun. • Won re-election 2007 • Wade • Personal dominance of thepoliticalsystem. • Constantlyattackedbytheopposition. • Improvements in thetaxcollectionsystem. • Atractinginvestmentfromtheoil-richArabStates. • Salaries of civil service and teachershaverisen. • Protestsbecause of theshortage of publicservices, unannouncedelectricityshortages, highcosts of electricity. AFTER INDEPENDENCE:MAIN FACTS AbdoulayeWade

  12. Period of tensionbeforetheelections of 2012. • TheConstitutional Council agreedonacceptingWade to run as a presidentialcandidateforthethird time and prohibitedtheregister of othercandidates. • Movement 23: violentrepression. • Singer YoussouN’Dour • Elections 25 March 2012: results of thesecond round, MackySallwaselected. • Priorities: • Reduce the presidencial 7-year term to a 5-year term • Transparency in thepublicexpenditure • Fightagainstcorruption • Ensurefoodsovereignty • Reasonableprices of energysupplies • Improveinfrastructure • Preventionagainstfloods • Creditaccessforwomen • Pacificationof theCasamanceregion AFTER INDEPENDENCE:MAIN FACTS MackySall

  13. CURRENT SOURCES OF TENSION

  14. CURRENT SOURCES OF TENSION

  15. Governmentdividedtheregioninto: • TheKolda and Ziguinchorregions • October 2003 • The MFDC organizedtalkswiththegovernment. • FatherDiamacoune: “There are no more reasons to fight”, abandoned idea of Independence, ´ourhomeland Senegal´ (Jan 2007) • Jean-Marie François Biagui, new president of the MFDC: full independence for Casamance is not possible to achieve, but wants to achieve as much autonomy for the province as possible. CURRENT SOURCES OF TENSION FatherDiamacoune BBC news: (30 April 2014) SalifSadio, a top Senegalese rebel leader has declared a unilateral ceasefire, raising hopes of ending one of West Africa's longest-running conflicts. “We want to give the peace process initiated by President MackySall a chance”, he said. François Biagui

  16. CURRENT SOURCES OF TENSION

  17. AfricaInfomarket. Availableat http://www.africainfomarket.org/paises/senegal • Afrol News. “Coup” in Senegal’sCasamancerebelleadership” Available at http://afrol.com/articles/14222 • BBC. (30 April 2014) “Senegal’sCasamance MFDC rebels declare a ceasefire”. Available at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27221999. • Central Intelligence Agency. Availableat https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html • Fall, Aïssatou. “UnderstandingtheCasamanceconflict: A background”. KaiptcMonograph No. 7. Training forPeace: December 2010. Available at http://dspace.africaportal.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/31669/1/Monograph-7-Aissatou.pdf?1 • MadiorFall, Ismaila et Al. “Senegal: Election Management Bodies in West Africa, A comparativestudy of thecontribution of electoral comissions to thestrenghtening of democracy”. Open SocietyFoundations 2011: South Africa. Available at http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AfriMAP_WestAfrica_EMB_Full_EN.pdf • PNUD, “Human DevelopmentIndex 2013”. Available at http://www.ve.undp.org/content/dam/venezuela/docs/Publicaciones/undp_ve_IDH_2013.pdf • Senegal. Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores del Gobierno de España. Diciembre 2013. Available at http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/Senegal_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf • Villalón, Leonardo A. “Senegal: AssessingRisks to Stability”, Center forStrategic and International Studies: June 2011. Availableat http://csis.org/files/publication/110623_Villalon_Senegal_Web.pdf REFERENCES

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