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URBAN DEVELOPMENT CLASS 1 FRI DAY, MARCH 3, 2006

URBAN DEVELOPMENT CLASS 1 FRI DAY, MARCH 3, 2006. Introduction Session one The Millenial Challenge Session two Trends and Outcomes. … for the first time in history, planning is confronted with the danger of unpredictable risks and global effects … … planning must become ‘reflexive’:

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT CLASS 1 FRI DAY, MARCH 3, 2006

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  1. URBAN DEVELOPMENTCLASS 1FRIDAY, MARCH 3, 2006 Introduction Session one The Millenial Challenge Session two Trends and Outcomes

  2. … for the first time in history, planning is confronted with the danger of unpredictable risks and global effects … … planning must become ‘reflexive’: it must reflect all possible impacts in a most circumspect manner … Risk Society-Ulrich Beck

  3. The Millennial Challenge Two great milestone follow one another: two or three years after the millennium, for the first time in the history of humankind, a majority of the world’s six billion people will live in cities (UNCHS, 1996b as cited by Hall & Pfeiffer)

  4. Garden City and the Three Magnets Theory by Ebenezer Howard Glasgow & London in 1870s (source: wikipedia.com) The Millenial Challenge Urban Transformations Agriculture Society  Industrial Society Industrialization (19th century) Here, without distinction of age or sex, careless of all decency, they are crowded in small and wretched apartments; the same bed receiving a succession of tenants until too offensive for their unfastidious senses. (1832, James Phillips Kay, an Edinburgh doctor)

  5. The Millenial Challenge Urban Transformations Agriculture Society  Industrial Society (Manufacturing) Fordism (post WW2) Along with this period a vast amount of suburbanization process was taking places. Rapid demand to house the people created social houses at the suburbs of Northern American and Western European cities. No longer after, homogeneous low-density, car dependants suburbs were (and still are) created, stretching out for ‘liveable’ settlements.

  6. The Millenial Challenge Urban Transformations Industrial Society  Service Society De-industrialization (1980s) Postindustrial Bilbao: The Reinvention of a New City Brownfield (Urban Wasteland) Fisher Body 21 was the birthplace for the bodies of countless Cadillacs (Detroit) Deindustrialization is the process by which a country or region moves from a manufacturing-based economy to a service economy, and is marked by an increase in structural unemployment.

  7. The Millenial Challenge Urban Transformations Globalization (Outsourcing-Footloose economy) Principal Urban Agglomerations of the World (as 28 Jan 2006) Outsourcing jobs “Tesco, the UK's leading supermarket chain, has said it is to move 420 jobs to India from the UK. “ (BBC, 2004) Shanghai, China

  8. It took the United States and Western Europe 200 years to go through the Industrial Revolution. Nations such as South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan took about 25 years to become industrial nations. The Chinese city of Shenzhen? Try six months. That’s how long it takes for a non-literate farm worker to migrate to the city and start working on some of the most sophisticated machinery in the world. Twenty years ago, Shenzhen was all rice paddies and salt ponds—with a population of 20,000, at best. Today, Shenzhen has a multimillion population churning out products at breakneck speed.

  9. Globalization & Technology Time and Space Compression (David Harvey) New Geography of Capital (Saskia Sassen) Informational Society (Manuel Castells) Shrinking Urban Area?

  10. The Millenial Challenge Urban Explosion by 2015… 358 ‘million cities’ ; no less than 153 in Asia 27 ‘mega cities’; 18 will be in Asia (UN Prediction-UNCHS 1996) Nanjing Road, Shanghai

  11. Source: National Geographic (photo by: Stuart Franklin)

  12. The destiny of migrants is usually not to go back . They do not see the journey to the city as readily reversible. Going to the city is seen as a success by the family, and the move as a kind of commitment. They feel compelled to like the place where they must now make their life, and to show they are successful. (Jeremy Seabrook about women garment workers in Dhaka)

  13. The Millenial Challenge Urban Poor “more than half of the world’s poor are living in urban areas. Approx. 90% of poor households in Latin America, 40% in Africa and 45% in Asia will bein urban areas by the year 2000 (UNDP, 1995)

  14. Development Disparities

  15. Logistical Problems Tanjung Priok, Jakarta

  16. Marginality ^ Muara Rapak Balikpapan Fisherman village- Cambaya, Makassar>>

  17. “Humanity has not been down this road before; there are no precedents, no guideposts” (Hall & Pfeiffer)

  18. The Millenial Challenge Urban Essentials Sustainable Urban Development • Sustainable Urban Economy & Society : • Economic growth • Income distribution (social disparities) • Democratic participation • Empowerment (Gender & underage labour force) • Sustainable Urban Shelter & Access: • Adequate Housing Policy • -Infrastructure provision • -Resource-conserving mobility • Sustainable Urban Environment & Life: • Stable ecosystem • Liveable City • Poverty vs good environment • Global policy (Clean Development Mechanism/CDM) • Sustainable Urban Democracy: • Community Participation in Planning and Implementation • Decentralization and Local Autonomy

  19. Trends and Outcomes: The Urban World of 2025 The future of mankind depends on the quality of life in our cities All that is culture has come out of cities. Cities have the potential to civilize and brutalize their citizens (Sir Richard Rogers)

  20. Trends & Outcomes Basic Driving Forces (Hall & Pfeiffer) Demographic: Explosion and Implosion Economic: Global – Local interface Social: Economic change and social evolution Governance & Political Will (Policy) Environmental: Challenges to Urban Environment

  21. Trends & Outcomes Demographic: Explosion and Implosion Household Transformation Housing Provision • Workforces • Skill labor • Cost & tax burden • Pension policy Most of today’s developing countries still have a long way to go before they reach the proportions seen in European countries, but they may reach these proportions more quickly because their demographic transition has been quicker. (UNFPA) Sweden 84 years Singapore 18 years, Republic of Korea 20 years, Japan 20 years, China 30 years

  22. Trends & Outcomes Economic: Global – Local interface [De]industrialization Footloose Economy (New Economy Geography) Culture & Creative Industries  creation of Creative Class (Richard Florida) Formal vs Informal Economy capital & knowledge intensive vs labour intensive (added value orientation) Cities everywhere are highly and increasingly tied into a system of global competition—even though everywhere, most of their people work for local markets. In fact urban markets are of two kinds: those connected with outside markets, exchanging tradable goods, and those providing local goods.

  23. Trends & Outcomes Social: Economic change and social evolution Rapid Growth and Rapid Decline Earnings and Income Inequality Occupational Change Public Policies and Social Changes Urban Poverty 15 days social unrest in suburbs of Paris Trying to put social change into a framework of sociological or statistical analysis is like biological analysis, in which people are dissected and described in terms of bones and skin or organs without regard for the fact that hey are living human beings. The key, in all analysis of social change, must be first to bring out the general trends and forces, but then to demonstrate their effects in individual cities with their own history, economy, cultures and traditions. (Hall & Pfeiffer)

  24. Trends & Outcomes Environmental: Challenges to Urban Environment Managing Urbanity: Cities as Problems and Opportunities for Environment Choices of Investment No Cities is Well Prepared for a Sustainable Future (Hall & Pfeiffer) Global Concern Clean Development Mechanism (Kyoto Protocol, Dec 1997) "The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990 (but note that, compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 without the Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut)..."

  25. Trends & Outcomes Urban Growth and Change (Hall & Pfeiffer) Cities in Competition: a new concept of location and taxonomy of cities (Global Cities and the rest) Global significance and local demands Global winners and losers; international real-estate market sourcing • Changes of Urban System: • ..of developed world • Deconcentration & Reconcentration • Old and New Downtowns (Edge Cities) • Contribution of Transportation Development • ...of developing world • Explosive Growth (Extended Urban Regions): Large Urban Projects • Increasing Informal Sector activities (informalized urbanization) • Neglected problems of smaller cities (service centers, i.e. Purwakarta, Cianjur, Sumedang)

  26. Trends & Outcomes Welcome to Urban Development Issues

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