Innovative Modalities for Research Collaboration

1. Innovative Modalities for Research Collaboration Richard E. Bissell 17 June 2009 Science Forum 2009

2. The Linear Model NARS SROs NGOs CSOs SMEs ARIs Universities Researchers IARCs

3. The Open Model IARCs Developers SMEs Researchers ARIs NARs MNCs

4. The Regulated Model Challenge Definition Science Community Technology Community and Users Information Exchange Outcomes Management

5. Challenge Definition • Basic or applied research • Breakthrough or incremental technology • Global or regional/local • Big science or little science • Science or technology • Time to application • Priority Setting • Cost-benefit calculations • Outcome: mobilization

7. Annual corn yield growth rate (% yr−1) in the United States Source: Christopher J. Kucharik* and Navin Ramankutty, “Trends and Variability in U.S. Corn Yields Over the Twentieth Century” Earth Interactions • Volume 9 (2005),Paper No. 1, Page 5.

8. EX: Technological Challenge to Benefit Africa Agriculture • soil management techniques • integrated water management • climate and weather prediction • annotated crop genomes • genome-based animal breeding • plant-mediated gene silencing • biocontrol and biopesticides • disease-suppressive soils Source: US National Research Council, Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, July 2008.

9. EX: Scientific Challenges to Benefit African Agriculture • soil-related nanotechnologies • manipulation of the rhizosphere • remote sensing of plant physiology • site-specific gene integration • spermatagonial stem cell transplantation • microbial genomics of the rumen • Photosynthetic microbe-based biofuels • Energy storage breakthroughs

10. Information Exchange • Diagnostic monitoring: ideally real-time • Inventory of research response assets and their strategies • Short-term research plans • Real-time research data sharing • Open access to research findings • Proactive dissemination of applications: defined IPR regime

11. EX: Information Exchange • Global HIV Vaccine Initiative proposed in 2003 • Center for HIV Vaccine Immunology paired with the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery • 16 research consortia • 5 central service facilities (immunological evaluations and data and statistical analysis for real-time comparison of results) • Focus on proof-of-concept experiments • Legal agreements to share materials and data among laboratories

12. Outcomes Management • From single user (Apollo Program) to multiple users (Space Station) • Filling gaps in the institutional landscape • Rules for public-private partnerships • Multi-country and international approaches for collaboration • Equitable sharing of benefits • Shortening generational transfer

13. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer • Shared global benefits • Science essential for diagnostics and identification of remedies • Multilateral fund for outliers • Timebound goals • Monitoring systems • Identification of follow-on priorities

14. Success • Relevance • Quality • Outputs • Outcomes: • Local • National • Global