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Major Endocrine Glands – Abdominopelvic - 2

Major Endocrine Glands – Abdominopelvic - 2. Endocrine Glands. Pancreas. This organ is found between the inferior portion of the stomach and a curve of the small intestine. Has two functions: Exocrine Endocrine. Pancreas. Exocrine:

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Major Endocrine Glands – Abdominopelvic - 2

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  1. Major Endocrine Glands – Abdominopelvic - 2

  2. Endocrine Glands

  3. Pancreas This organ is found between the inferior portion of the stomach and a curve of the small intestine. Has two functions: • Exocrine • Endocrine

  4. Pancreas Exocrine: The majority of the pancreas contains acini – cluster of glandular cells. The acini cells release digestive enzymes that travel through secretory ducts to the digestive tract.

  5. Pancreas Endocrine: A small number of cells are known as pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans (LAN-ger-hanz) Contain 4 types of cells and each secretes a type of hormone.

  6. Alpha Cells The alpha cells secrete glucagon. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by • increasing the breakdown of glycogen and (2) increasing the release of glucose from the liver.

  7. Alpha Cells

  8. Beta Cells The beta cells secrete insulin. Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by • increasing the rate of glucose uptake and utilization by most body cells (2) increasing glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles and liver.

  9. Beta Cells

  10. Beta Cells

  11. Delta Cells The delta cells secrete a hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH) or somatostatin. (1) GH-IH suppresses the release of glucagon and insulin and (2) slows the rate of food absorption and enzyme secretion in the digestive tract.

  12. F Cells The F cells secrete a pancreatic polypeptide (PP). (1) PP inhibits gallbladder contractions and (2) regulates the production of some enzymes

  13. Pancreatic Disorders Hyposecretion of insulin: EX – Diabetes Mellitus • Genetic abnormalities, injuries, immune disorders, and hormonal inbalances (2) Mutations resulting in inadequate insulin production (3) Abnormal insulin molecules are made (4) Defective protein receptors

  14. Diabetes Mellitus Two types of DM exist: • Type I (insulin-dependent or juvenile onset) (2) Type 2 (non-insulin dependent)

  15. Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 Body destroys beta cells – autoimmune disorder Approximately 10% of individuals are Type 1. Seen in childhood and adolescence and sometimes referred to as juvenile onset diabetes. Symptoms: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, circulatory problems, and early heart attacks Tx: Insulin injections

  16. Diabetes Mellitus

  17. Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 Body cells do not appropriately respond to hormones Beta cells deteriorate and produce less insulin. Seen in all ages – most common form of disease. Symptoms: untreated retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, circulatory problems, and early heart attacks Tx: Diet, exercise and medicine

  18. Diabetes Mellitus

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