Antibiotic resistance in agricultural settings

1. Antibiotic resistance in agricultural settings Presented by Lisa Durso Agricultural Research Service National Pork Board Swine Education In-Service, September 30-October 1, 2015 Chicago IL

3. Durso, L.M. and K.L. Cook. 2014. Impacts of antibiotic use in agriculture: what are the benefits and risks? Curr Opinion Microbiol 19:37-44, 2014.,

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5. “U.S. Tightens Rules on Antibiotics Use for Livestock” New York Times April 11, 2012 USING SMALL AMOUNTS OF ANTIBIOTICS OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME LEADS TO THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA THAT ARE RESISTANT TO THE DRUGS’ EFFECTS, ENDANGERING HUMANS WHO BECOME INFECTED BUT CANNOT BE TREATED WITH ROUTINE ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY. AT LEAST TWO MILLION PEOPLE ARE SICKENED AND AN ESTIMATED 99,000 DIE EVERY YEAR FROM HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS, THE MAJORITY OF WHICH RESULT FROM SUCH RESISTANT STRAINS. IT IS UNKNOWN HOW MANY OF THESE ILLNESSES AND DEATHS RESULT FROM AGRICULTURAL USES OF ANTIBIOTICS, BUT ABOUT 80 PERCENT OF ANTIBIOTICS SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES ARE USED IN ANIMALS.

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8. Mandate to Stun Animals After Kosher Slaughter Huffington Post POSTED: 05/04/2015 12:55 PM EDT Rabbi Shmuly Yanklowitz http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2015-05-01-1430524016-7247696-shechitahimage.jpg

10. Woman Herding Pigs by Cesare Saccaggi The Milk Maid by Winslow Homer

12. http://dingo.care2.com/pictures/greenliving/uploads/2014/05/Infographic_meat_antibiotics.jpghttp://dingo.care2.com/pictures/greenliving/uploads/2014/05/Infographic_meat_antibiotics.jpg

13. http://healthresearchfunding.org/11-scary-statistics-on-antibiotic-resistance/http://healthresearchfunding.org/11-scary-statistics-on-antibiotic-resistance/

14. http://healthresearchfunding.org/11-scary-statistics-on-antibiotic-resistance/http://healthresearchfunding.org/11-scary-statistics-on-antibiotic-resistance/

15. http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/Antibiotic_Resistance_101_2014.pdf#_ga=1.104214409.864807362.1439555346http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/Antibiotic_Resistance_101_2014.pdf#_ga=1.104214409.864807362.1439555346

16. http://www.canadianpharmacymeds.com/blog/the-rise-of-antibiotic-resistant-infections/http://www.canadianpharmacymeds.com/blog/the-rise-of-antibiotic-resistant-infections/

17. Science X X X Economic Animal Welfare Agriculture X X Morality and Ideals Media and Advocacy X X X Public Health Regulatory Animal Health

18. Science

19. Given that we want to reduce antibiotic resistance in agricultural settings, what is the target that we want to set for reduction?

20. Given that we want to reduce antibiotic resistance in agricultural settings, what is the target that we want to set for reduction? What is a normal, or “natural” level of antibiotic resistance? Zero?

21. http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/files/2011/09/woolly_mammoth.jpghttp://scopeblog.stanford.edu/files/2011/09/woolly_mammoth.jpg Antibiotic resistance is ancient

22. 30,000-year-old Beringian permafrost sediments and the identification of a highly diverse collection of genes encoding resistance to b-lactam, tetracycline and glycopeptide antibiotics. Nature 2011, 477:457

23. Antibiotic resistance is found in pristine habitats

24. We report a screen of a sample of the culturable microbiome of Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, in a region of the cave that has been isolated for over 4 million years. We report that, like surface microbes, these bacteria were highly resistant to antibiotics; some strains were resistant to 14 different commercially available antibiotics. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(4): e34953

25. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are found on organic, antibiotic-free meat

26. No statistically significant differences were observed for the prevalence of S. aureus in general, or MSSA or MRSA specifically, when comparing pork products from conventionally raised swine and swine raised without antibiotics, a finding that contrasts with a prior study from the Netherlands examining both conventional and “biologic” meat products. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(1): e30092

27. becauseitsawesome.com Antibiotic resistance is common in environmental samples

28. Antibiotic resistance has largely been studied in the context of failure of the drugs in clinical settings. There is now growing evidence that bacteria that live in the environment (e.g. the soil) are multi-drug-resistant. Curr Opin Micobiol 2007, 10:485

29. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are found in organic farming systems

30. Even in the absence of farm use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance persisted in the organically raised swine. The reasons for the persistence of antibiotic resistance are likely to be multiple. These findings suggest approaches in addition to prudent antibiotic use will be important in effectively reducing resistant bacterial populations in swine. AEM 2011, 77:7167

31. Science X X X Economic Animal Welfare Agriculture X X Morality and Ideals Media and Advocacy X X X Public Health Regulatory Animal Health

32. Science Economic Animal Welfare Agriculture Morality and Ideals Media and Advocacy Public Health Regulatory Animal Health

35. PRODUCERS Optimize antibiotic use

36. PRODUCERS Optimize antibiotic use Maintain good animal health

37. PRODUCERS Optimize antibiotic use Maintain good animal health Vaccines

38. PRODUCERS Optimize antibiotic use Maintain good animal health Vaccines Composting

39. PRODUCERS Optimize antibiotic use Maintain good animal health Vaccines Composting Digestion

40. PRODUCERS Optimize antibiotic use Maintain good animal health Vaccines Composting Digestion Containment of wastes

41. PRODUCERS Optimize antibiotic use Maintain good animal health Vaccines Composting Digestion Containment of wastes

42. Consumers Clean Separate Cook Chill

44. #1: DRUGS

45. #1: DRUGS #2: BUGS

46. #1: DRUGS #2: BUGS #3: GENES

49. Questions, comments, suggestions? Please e-mail or call! Lisa Durso lisa.durso@ars.usda.gov 402-438-3277