Section 1-Guide to Reading 1

1. Unlike the North, the Southern economy remained mainly agrarian. Section 1-Guide to Reading 1 • For many reasons, industry developed slowly in the South.

2. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom • Most Southerners lived along the Atlantic coast in Maryland, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. • This area became known as the Upper South. • By 1850 the population had spread inland to the states of the Deep South—Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 2 • After the American Revolution, demand for cotton increased. • European mills wanted Southern cotton to make into cloth.

3. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that removed seeds from cotton fibers more quickly than could be done by hand. • Because cotton could be processed more quickly, Southern farmers wanted to grow more. • They depended on slave labor to plant and pick cotton. Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 3 • The Deep South grew cotton, rice, and sugarcane. • The Upper South produced tobacco, hemp, wheat, and vegetables.

4. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 4

5. Industry in the South • The South remained primarily an agricultural economy, with little industry, because cotton was so profitable. • Another reason was because Southerners invested in land and enslaved workers and did not have capital—money to invest in business. • Because many Southerners were enslaved people, who did not have money to purchase goods, the market was smaller. Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 6

6. Industry in the South • Some Southerners simply did not want industry in the South. • Others, wanted factories to be built, arguing that industry would help the region remain independent and develop its economy. • William Gregg opened a textile mill in South Carolina. • Joseph Reid Anderson took over a factory in Virginia that became one of the nation’s leading producers of iron. Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 7 • Cotton farming expanded into Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas which led to their statehood.

7. Industry in the South Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 8

8. Industry in the South Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 9

9. Industry in the South • The main mode of transportation in the South was by boat on natural waterways. Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 10 • Southerners also built railroads, but these rail lines were short, local, and did not link all parts of the South. • This railway shortage would cause problems for the South during the coming Civil War.

10. The success of cotton production in the South kept it an agrarian region. Section 1-Section Review 1 • Lack of capital, a small market for manufactured goods, and a desire to remain agrarian hindered the growth of industry in the South.

11. Most farmers in the South did not own slaves and lived in poor rural areas. Section 2-Guide to Reading 1 • Plantations varied in size and wealth and contained varying numbers of enslaved people.  • The South was home to several large cities, and education began to grow in the mid-1800s.

12. Life on the Small Farms • Most white Southerners were small farmers without—or with just a few—enslaved workers. • Only a handful of planters could afford both a large number of slaves and grand mansions. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 2 • Yeomen made up the largest group of whites in the South and were farmers who did not have slaves. • Tenant farmers worked on their landlords’ estates, not their own land.

13. Life on the Small Farms Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 3

14. Life on the Small Farms • Rural poor people in the South would not take jobs that resembled the work of enslaved people. • They were proud and self-sufficient, although other Southerners looked down on them. • They planted their own food and hunted and fished. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 4 • Most Southerners lived in simple homes, such as cottages made of wood and plaster with thatched roofs. • Later many lived in frame houses or log cabins.

15. Plantations • Plantations were large estates, some covering several thousand acres, with comfortable farmhouses. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 6 • Plantation owners measured their wealth by the number of enslaved workers they had. • About 12 percent of the Southern population had more than half of the slaves.

16. Plantations • Some free African Americans had enslaved workers. • Most of these African Americans purchased their own family, so they could free them. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 7 • Plantations had fixed costs—regular expenses such as housing, food for workers, and maintenance of cotton gins. • These prices remained the same, while cotton prices changed from season to season.

17. Plantations • Planters sold their cotton in cities such as New Orleans, Charleston, Mobile, and Savannah to get the best prices. • These trade centers were important to the cotton economy. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 8 • The agents of the cotton exchanges extended credit—a form of loan—to planters and then would hold the cotton for several months, waiting for the prices to rise.

18. Plantations • Plantation wives were responsible for watching over household slaves, tending to them when they were sick, serving as the plantation’s accountant, and supervising the plantations’ buildings and the fruit and vegetable gardens. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 9 • Large plantations had many enslaved people to perform different duties. • Some slaves were domestic servants, blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, and weavers. • Others tended livestock. Most slaves worked in the fields, planting and harvesting crops. • They were supervised by an overseer, or plantation manager.

19. City Life and Education • Several cities in the South were located at the crossroads of rail lines. • These cities included Columbia, South Carolina; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Montgomery, Alabama; and Atlanta, Georgia. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 11 • In the cities, free African Americans could form their own communities, although they still had limited rights. • They could not move to other states and were not given equal rights in politics.

20. City Life and Education • Plantation owners and other wealthy Southerners sent their children to private schools, where they learned mathematics, religion, Greek, Latin, and public speaking. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 12 • Although no statewide public school system existed, some Southern cities established public schools. • By the mid-1800s there were hundreds of public schools operating in North Carolina. • Kentucky had also established a funding system for public schools.

21. City Life and Education • Despite the growth in education, the South lagged behind the North in literacy. • Because homes were far apart, it was a great hardship for people to send their children to school. • Some Southerners also believed that education was a private matter and that the state should not fund education. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 13

22. Many farmers in the South were yeoman who lived in poverty on small farms. Section 2-Section Review 1 • Many plantations were small and had relatively few slaves. • By the mid-1800s, the number of cities in the South was increasing, and education was growing.

23. Enslaved African Americans faced many hardships but were able to create family lives, religious beliefs, and a distinct culture. Section 3-Guide to Reading 1 • Many enslaved people fought against slavery.

24. Life Under Slavery • Enslaved people faced many uncertainties. • At any time, family members could be sold to another planter, or a slaveholder’s death could lead to the breakup of a family. Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 2 • Close-knit extended families became a vital feature of African American culture. • If a parent were sold away, another family member could raise the children left behind.

25. Life Under Slavery • Enslaved African Americans fused their own culture with American elements. • They practiced African music and dance and passed African folks stories to their children. • Some wore African clothing and followed many of their own African religious practices. Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 3 • Enslaved people were not allowed to marry by law, but they created their own marriage ceremonies.

26. Life Under Slavery • In 1808 Congress passed a law prohibiting new slaves from entering the country, but slavery was still legal. • The growth of the African American population came from children born in the United States. Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 4 • Christianity became a religion of hope and resistance to enslaved African Americans. • Their beliefs were expressed in spirituals, African American folk songs.

27. Resisting Slavery • Between 1830 and 1860, the slave codes—laws in the Southern states that controlled enslaved people—became more severe. • The slave codes prevented enslaved people from assembling in large groups or learning to read and write. Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 6 • Some enslaved people planned uprisings. In 1800 Gabrial Prosser planned a rebellion in Virginia but was convicted and executed before the rebellion occurred. • Denmark Vesey planned a slave revolt in 1821 but was betrayed at the last minute by some of his followers.

28. Resisting Slavery • Nat Turner, an African American slave and popular religious leader, led a group of followers in a brief rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. • The rebellion led to more severe slave codes. Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 7 • Enslaved people resisted slavery by working slowly or pretending to be sick. • Some set fire to plantation buildings or broke tools.

29. Resisting Slavery • Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass were two African Americans born into slavery, who later escaped to the North to freedom. Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 8 • Most escaped slaves who succeeded were from the Upper South. • They traveled on the Underground Railroad —a network of safe houses owned by free blacks and whites who opposed slavery. • Life in the North was not always safe for escaped slaves. • Some fugitive slaves were captured and returned to the South. • Runaways who were returned to their masters faced harsh discipline.

31. Enslaved Southerners developed a culture and religion that had both African and American elements. Section 3-Section Review 1 • While some enslaved people attempted to rebel openly against slavery, others resisted by running away, refusing to work, or destroying farm tools.