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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Lesson 2. Enzyme. Enzyme. ADP. P. Substrate. +. ATP. Product. Figure 9.7. Substrate Level Phosphorylation. Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Can generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. 2 NAD +. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase. P i. 2. 2.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration Lesson 2

  2. Enzyme Enzyme ADP P Substrate + ATP Product Figure 9.7 Substrate Level Phosphorylation • Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle • Can generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

  3. 2 NAD+ Triose phosphate dehydrogenase P i 2 2 NADH + 2 H+ 10 7 9 8 6 2 O C O P CHOH P CH2 O 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP O– 2 C CHOH O P CH2 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase O– 2 C O P C H O CH2OH 2-Phosphoglycerate Enolase 2 H2O O– 2 C O P C O CH2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP O– 2 C O C O CH3 Figure 9.8 B Pyruvate Energy Payoff Phase of Glycolysis

  4. Inner Mitochondrial membrane Oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP H+ H+ H+ H+ Cyt c Protein complex of electron carners Intermembrane space Q IV I III ATP synthase Inner mitochondrial membrane II H2O FADH2 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 FAD+ NADH+ NAD+ ATP ADP + P i (Carrying electrons from, food) H+ Mitochondrial matrix Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow Of H+ back across the membrane Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Figure 9.15 Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation

  5. Respiration Overview

  6. NADH 50 FADH2 Multiproteincomplexes I 40 FAD FMN II Fe•S Fe•S O III Cyt b 30 Fe•S Cyt c1 IV Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol) Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a3 20 10 0 O2 2 H + + 12 Figure 9.13 H2O • FADH2 enters the chain at a lower energy than NADH. • 2 electrons from NADH  max 3 ATP • 2 electrons from FADH2  max of 2 ATP

  7. Inner Mitochondrial membrane Oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP H+ H+ H+ H+ Cyt c Protein complex of electron carners Intermembrane space Q IV I III ATP synthase Inner mitochondrial membrane II H2O FADH2 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 FAD+ NADH+ NAD+ ATP ADP + P i (Carrying electrons from, food) H+ Mitochondrial matrix Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow Of H+ back across the membrane Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Figure 9.15 Oxidative phosphorylation What effect would the absence of oxygen have on the ETC?

  8. Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis S CoA C O CH3 Acetyl CoA CoA SH H2O O C COO– NADH 1 COO– CH2 + H+ COO– CH2 COO– NAD+ Oxaloacetate 8 C COO– HO CH2 2 CH2 HC COO– COO– COO– HO CH HO CH Malate Citrate COO– CH2 Isocitrate COO– CO2 Citric acid cycle 3 H2O 7 NAD+ COO– NADH COO– CH + H+ Fumarate CH2 CoA SH HC a-Ketoglutarate CH2 COO– C O 4 6 SH CoA COO– COO– COO– CH2 5 CH2 FADH2 CO2 CH2 CH2 NAD+ FAD C O COO– Succinate NADH CoA S P i + H+ Succinyl CoA GDP GTP ADP ATP Figure 9.12 No more production of NAD+ in the ETC means…

  9. CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION + H+ NAD+ NADH O– CoA S 2 C O C O C O CH3 1 3 CH3 Acetyle CoA Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A Transport protein Figure 9.10 … and no more oxidation of pyruvate to form Acetyl CoA

  10. Glycolysis can still occur when oxygen is not present because… • NAD+ is regenerated through the process fermentation

  11. Types of Fermentation • In alcohol fermentation • Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, one of which releases CO2 • During lactic acid fermentation • Pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate as a waste product

  12. P1 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 O – C O C O Glucose Glycolysis CH3 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 NAD+ 2 CO2 H H H C O C OH CH3 CH3 2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde (a) Alcohol fermentation P1 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 Glucose Glycolysis O– C O C O 2 NADH 2 NAD+ CH3 O C O H OH C CH3 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation Figure 9.17

  13. Glucose CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present Fermentation O2 present Cellular respiration MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Figure 9.18 • Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolism

  14. Glucose AMP Glycolysis Stimulates Fructose-6-phosphate + Phosphofructokinase – – Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Inhibits Inhibits Pyruvate Citrate ATP Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Figure 9.20 Regulating Respiration: PFK • Cellular respiration • Is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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