BIOSENSORS

1. BTY100-Lec# 2.2 BIOSENSORS Created By: SoumyaSrivastava

2. Outline • Biosensors: Basic Concept • WorkingPrinciple • Types • Examples

3. What are Biosensors??? SENSORS..???

4. SENSORS • A sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument. • Any Examples in your surrounding???? Ref: logos.co Ref: en.clipart-fr.com Ref: http://eofdreams.com Ref: javla.com Touch Screen Mobile Phones Peizo-electric sensor Button on Lift-Tactile Sensors Thermometer-Temperature Sensor

5. But Still......What are Biosensors??? BIOLOGY + SENSORS??

6. Bio Sensors • A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal. • Any device that uses specific biochemical reactions to detect chemical compounds in biological samples. • Father of Biosensors: EUREKA!!! Ref: www.nae.edu Professor Leland C Clark Jnr 1918–2005

7. Characteristics of a Biosensor Selectivity: Selectivity means that sensor detects a certain analyte and does not react with added mixtures and contaminants. Precision: is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results. Signal stability : signal drift under constant conditions, which causes an error in measured concentration. Sensitivity (detection limit): the minimal amount (or concentration) of analyte that can be detected. Working range : range of analyte concentrations in which the sensor can operate. Regeneration time : time required to return the sensor to working state after interaction with the sample.

8. Working Principle : Ref: Biosensor Research Centre • Biosensors are based on the specific interactions between biological molecules.

9. Specific Interactions????

10. Elements of a Biosensor Ref: www.sirebi.org/open/Intro_Biosensing.pdf

11. A biosensor is a device composed of two main elements: • A bioreceptor that is an immobilized sensitive biological element (e.g. enzyme, DNA probe, antibody) recognizing the analyte (e.g. enzyme substrate, complementary DNA, antigen). 2. A transducer is used to convert (bio)chemical signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the bio-receptor into an electronic one.

12. 3.An Electronic Amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. 4. A Data processing system is a combination of machines that for a set of inputs produces a defined set of outputs. The inputs and outputs are interpreted as data, facts, information, ... depending on the interpreter's relation to the system.

13. So overall the components collaborate in the following manner : • Quickyak: • Parts of a BIOSENSOR: • Bioreceptor • Transducer • Amplifier • Data Processing System

14. Working of Biosensor

15. Example of an enzyme based Biosensor Blood Glucose Biosensor: It is very often used to measure the glucose concentration in blood. Its applicable for diabetes patients for monitoring the blood glucose level.

16. Working: • The basic concept of the glucose biosensor is based on the fact that the immobilized GOx (Glucose oxidase-an enzyme) catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose by molecular oxygen producing gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide . • The enzyme is re-oxidized with an excess of a mediator . • The mediator is re-oxidized by a reaction at the electrode and a current is created. • The charge passing the electrode is proportional to glucose level. Quickyak: Examples of other biosensors may be given

17. Types of Biosensors Biosensors are usually classified into various groups: a) On the basis of type of transducer employed:

18. Enzyme Electrode • Enzymes • Enzymes are immobilised on the surface of an electrode • Current is generated when enzyme catalyses • Immunosensor • Antibodies • Detects change in mass when antibody binds to antigen • DNA Sensor • Use of DNA probe • Microbial Sensor • Microbial Cells b) On the kind of bio recognition element utilized (antibody, enzymes, nucleic acids, and whole cells).

19. Applications The application of biosensor areas are following: • Clinical, diagnostics and medical applications. • Process control • Bioreactors • Quality control • Agriculture and veterinary medicine • Bacterial and viral diagnostics • Control of industrial waste water • Mining • Military defence industry. • Environmental control and monitoring

20. Advantages and Disadvantages

21. Recent Advances Technologies Already Available in Market • Zeo • Designed to analyze and improve sleep

22. i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyzer • Handheld blood analyzer system • BODYBUGG • Personal calorie management system • Home Blood Glucose Monitors • ACCUTRANS • - Disposable blood pressure transducer

23. Chip Sensors: • It allows one to measure pesticide content on food produce, water and soil. • Ring Sensor: It allows one to continuously monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation. The device is shaped like a ring. • Smart Shirt: This technology has been used to integrate sensors for monitoring the vital signs like temperature, heart rate and respiration rate. • Tattoo Biosensors: • Biosensor tattoos were developed to monitor sweat and lactate levels as indicators of excessive physical activity Future Endeavours Quickyak: These products are still not commercialized

24. Ring Sensor

25. Smart Shirts • Also known as GTWM i.e. Georgia Tech Wearable Motherboard. • This GTWM (smart shirt) provides an extremely versatile framework for the incorporation of sensing, monitoring and information processing devices. • It uses optical fibers to detect bullet wounds and special sensors and interconnects to monitor the body vital signs during combat conditions. • It is used to integrate sensors for monitoring the vital signs like temperature, heart rate and respiration rate. Fig- Architechture of Smart Shirt[2]

26. Working of Smart Shirt (cont..)

27. A Day may come… Soon humans may also have a unique bar code Quickyak: Is this a biosensors Could they act as Biosensors??

28. Next Class: Nanobiotechnology