2 Apr

1. 2 Apr • What’s the ACT science section like? • Agenda: • Intro Unit 9 • Science ACT Prep Intro • Micro vs. Macro evolution • HW: • Section 8.5 + GQ

2. April 23rd & 24th - Why are these two days of testing important? • Day 1: ACT Qs • College entrance • College scholarships • Day 2: ISBE Qs • Reported on transcripts • Colleges and jobs

3. Day 1: ACT Q’s • 85% Scientific inquiry • 04% Living Things • 01% Environment • 05% Matter and Energy • 02% Force and Motion • 01% Astronomy Open Book Test!

4. Day 1 – ACT • Main issue: Time! 35 minutes • Format: • 7 Sections; 3 types of passages: • 3 Graph and data analysis (5 Qs) • Lots of graphs and tables • 3 Experimental design (6 Qs) • Study 1, Study 2, Study 3… • 1 Competing ideas, hypotheses or studies (7 Qs) • Compare and contrast main points of each viewpoint

5. Day 2: ISBE Q’s • 5% Scientific inquiry • 25% Earth Science and Astronomy • 25% Biology and Ecology • 25% Physics and Chemistry • 20% Safety, Science/Technology/Society

6. Day 2 – ISBE Qs • Main issue: Content 0 Qs • Less reading • short questions with graphics

7. PSAE Practice Questions • Ground rules • You can do this! • This is not a time for you to complain (i.e. past teachers)

8. Ans: D

9. Biology Ans: D

10. Ans: B

11. Chemistry Ans: A

12. Earth Science Ans: A

13. Physics Ans: B

14. 3 Apr • Opening Q: PSAE Day 2 Q • Opener: • Agenda • Hardy-Weinberg Equation • Homework • 8.17 + GQs

15. Microevolution leads to Macroevolution • Microevolution: • Changes in gene frequencies from generation to generation • Macroevolution: • The evolution of new species

16. For Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: • p stands for the frequency of the dominant allele Ex. “A” • q stands for the frequency of the recessive allele. Ex. “a” • In H-W, or 100% of the alleles

17. p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype Ex. “AA” • q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype Ex. “aa” • 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype Ex. “Aa” 

18. 4 Apr • Opener: • Agenda • Hardy Weinberg Practice • Homework • none

19. 5 Apr • Agenda • Hardy- Weinberg • Define Species • Speciation • Homework • none

20. Causes of Microevolution • Genetic Drift • Founder effect • Bottleneck effect • Gene Flow • Natural Selection • Sexual Selection

21. Causes of Evolution • 1. Genetic Drift- Random changes in genetic make-up of a population from generation to generation • Significant in small populations • Can lead to a loss of genetic variability • Founder effect • Small founding population does not reflect source gene pool • Example: Mars Colony

22. Genetic Drift -Bottleneck effect

23. Causes of Evolution • 2. Gene flow • Immigration/ emigration- movement of alleles into/ out of populations • May increase or decrease variation in population

24. Causes of Evolution 3. Natural Selection Organisms best adapted to their environment survive and pass on their genes 4. Sexual Selection Organisms who are selected for sex pass on their genes • Only Natural Selection and Sexual Selection are likely to adapt a population to its environment They accumulate and maintain favorable genotypes in a population

25. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix.htm?8apevolutionhttp://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix.htm?8apevolution

26. 8 Apr • Opener: • What is the definition of a species? • Agenda • Macroevolution • Homework • Read 8.8

27. Isolation and Speciation Macroevolution in action!

28. Formation of a new species… what is a “Species”? • Many definitions of species exist • Morphological • Ecological • Phylogenetic • Paleontological

29. Biologic Species concept • Defined as: • Population/group of populations that can successfully interbreed, producing viable, fertile offspring • Hinges on reproductive isolation – something that keeps two groups that would normally interbreed from doing so

30. Allopatric vs. Sympatric Speciation • Allopatric • Physical barrier divides 1 population into 2 • Mountains, channels, islands, rivers, lava flows, etc. • If enough time passes, will likely be unable to mate if reintroduced

31. Experimental Evidence for Allopatric Speciation

32. Sympatric Speciation • Species evolves while alongside its fellow organisms.

33. Reproductive Isolation • Leads to speciation… • …By preventing gene flow among populations • Prezygotic Isolation – prevents fertilization • Habitat • Temporal • Behavioral • Mechanical

34. Habitat • Species live in different habitats within the same area and rarely meet

35. Temporal • Breeding occurs at different times of day or different seasons

36. Behavioral • Different courtship rituals or other behaviors prevent mate recognition between species

37. Mechanical • Differences in physical structures prevent successful mating

38. Post-Zygotic Isolation • Fertilization has occurred, but the hybrid isn’t viable, can’t reproduce • Hybrid inviability – development/survival of hybrids is impaired • Hybrid Sterility – hybrids fail to produce functional gametes

39. Some examples of hybrids that are infertile (sterile) Cool stuff! (Male partner listed first)

40. Camel + Llama =

41. Cama

42. Tiger + lion =

43. Tiglon!

44. Lion + tiger =

45. Liger

46. Zebra + horse =

47. Zebroid

48. Donkey + horse =

49. Mule

50. Horse + Donkey =