Atomic Diplomacy and Containment #4

1. Atomic Diplomacy and Containment#4 Breda Garrity And Morgan Miller

2. The Baruch Plan • The Baruch Plan was a proposition presented to the United Nations proposing a plan on how to control nuclear weapons. • The Baruch Plan was crafted in 1946 by the very trusted US presidential advisor, Bernard Baruch. • Baruch feared the Soviet Union and what might happen if nuclear weapons were in their hands. • The plan was denied by the Soviet Union, and later when the Soviet Union proposed a ban on nuclear weapons the United States rejected theirs. • This led to the infamous Cold War nuclear arms race.

4. The Baruch Plan requested three main things. First that the "manufacture of atomic bombs shall stop." Second that "existing bombs shall be disposed of pursuant to the terms of the treaty." And third that "the Authority shall be in possession of full information as to the know-how for the production of atomic energy." If anyone violated these terms in any of the below ways he or she would be penalized seriously. "Illegal possession or use of an atomic bomb; Illegal possession, or separation, of atomic material suitable for use in an atomic bomb; Seizure of any plant or other property belonging to or licensed by the Authority; Willful interference with the activities of the Authority; Creation or operation of dangerous projects in a manner contrary to, or in the absence of, a license granted by the international control body."

5. "Behind the black portent of the new atomic age lies a hope which, seized upon with faith, can work our salvation. If we fail, then we have damned every man to be the slave of Fear. Let us not deceive ourselves: We must elect World Peace or World Destruction." "There is a famine throughout the world today. It starves men's bodies. But there is a greater famine - the hunger of men's spirit. That starvation can be cured by the conquest of fear, and the substitution of hope, from which springs faith - faith in each other, faith that we want to work together toward salvation, and determination that those who threaten the peace and safety shall be punished."

6. "Iron Curtain" by Winston Churchill • On March 5, 1946, in Fulton, Missouri, at Westminster College, Winston Churchill delivered his speech "Iron Curtain". • This speech announced and symbolized the beginning of the Cold War. • In his speech Churchill talked about the Soviet Unions policies and stated that there was now an "iron curtain" separating Western Europe from Eastern Europe that was being controlled by the Soviets.

9. The speech's purpose was not to condemn the Soviet Union, but actually to encourage a closer and more "special" relationship. He sought to bring the two nations together. President Harry S. Truman agreed with many points Churchill made. The United States had already decided that the Soviet Unions policies were corrupt, and gladly entered the term "iron curtain" into their vocabulary. The United States, however, was wary of the new relationship between the two countries that Churchill was so keen on. The United States knew that they needed the strong ally of Great Britain for the war, but they also saw that Great Britain seemed to be deteriorating.

10. "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent." "If there is to be a fraternal association of the kind of I have described, with all the strength and security which both our countries can derive from it, let us make sure... that it plays its part in steadying and stabilizing the foundations of peace. There is the path of wisdom. Prevention is better than the cure." " If we adhere faithfully to the Charter of the United Nations...seeking no one's land or treasure, seeking to lay no arbitrary control upon the thoughts of men; if all British moral and material forces and convictions are joined with your own in fraternal association, the highroads of the future will be clear, not only for our time, but for a century to come.

11. The Marshall Plan • The plan was announced by Secretary of State George C. Marshall on June 5, 1947. • The Marshall Plan, which is also known as the European Recovery Program, ensured Europeans that the future economy will be stable. • This benefitted the United States by making Europe's economy closer to ours, making them more hospitable investors for America.

13. Pt. 2 • The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. • The goals of the United States were to: • rebuild war-devastated regions • remove trade barriers • modernize industry • make Europe prosperous again

14. The Truman Doctrine • On March 12, 1947, in a speech before a joint session of Congress, President Harry S. Truman asked Congress to grant economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to help those countries resist Communism. • The speech established what became known as the Truman Doctrine, a policy “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” • President Harry S. Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."

15. Pt. 2 • It stated that the U.S would provide assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. • “The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.”

16. Pt. 3 • At that time, the U.S. believed that the Soviet Union supported the Greek Communist war efforts and that they would eventually influnece Greek policy.

17. Communism

18. Greek Communist PartyΚομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, KommounistikóKómmaElládas, KKE • The KKE was founded by AvraamBenaroya on November 4th, 1918 as the Socialist Labor Party of Greece. (SEKE) • AvraamBenaroya was a Sephardic Jewish teacher and a leader of the Socialist Workers Federation. • Their immediate goals were the unification of Greek workers into trade unions, the implementation of an 8-hour work day in Greece, and better salaries for workers.

19. At the Second Congress of the SEKE in April of 1930 the party decided to afilliate with Comintern which was an internationa Communist organization founded in Moscow. • Then called themselves the Socalist Labor Party of Greece-Communist (SEKE-K) • At the Third Congress of the SEKE-K in November of 1924 they added/adopted the principles of Marxism-Leninism. • They were then called the Communist Party of Greece (KKE)

20. Primary Source • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pD_yaNR7kHM

21. Primary Source • Origin- March 12, 1947. Speech in front of Congress. • Purpose- President Truman was asking for the granting of military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey. • Value- It shows how passionate he was for this cause. Made valid arguments of why the United States should help them. • Limitation- He does not specifically talk about many of the benefits for the United States in aiding Greece and Turkey.

22. The Berlin Airlift • After World War II the Allies separated the defeated Germany into 4 sections: a Soviet-occupied zone, an American-occupied zone, a British-occupied zone, and a French-occupied zone. • In June of 1948 the Russians who wanted Berlin to themselves closed all highways, railways, and canals from the western-occupied Germany to the western-occupied Berlin. • The border was primarily between East and West Berlin. • This would make it impossible for people who lived there to get and food or supplies and would eventually drive France, Britain and the U.S. out of the country.

23. Pt. 2 • However, the U.S. saved the day. • The U.S. and its allies decided to supply their sectors of the city from the air. • This effort became known as the Berlin Airlift. • It lasted for more than a year • Carried more than 2.3 million tons of cargo into West Berlin

24. Video of the Berlin Airlift • http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-airlift

25. Works Cited "The Baruch Plan." Atomicarchive.com: Exploring the History, Science, and Consequences of the Atomic Bomb. 22 Apr. 2014 <http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Deterrence/ BaruchPlan.shtml>. "Churchill delivers Iron Curtain speech." History.com. A&E Television Networks. 21 Apr. 2014 <http://www.history.com/this- day-in-history/churchill-delivers-iron-curtain-speech "Marshall Plan." History.com. A&E Television Networks. 20 Apr. 2014 <http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/marshall- plan>. "The United States presents the Baruch Plan." History.com. A&E Television Networks. 22 Apr. 2014 <http://www.history.com/this- day-in-history/the-united-states-presents-the-baruch-plan>. "Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain Speech" (1946)." Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain Speech" (1946). 22 Apr. 2014 <http:// www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html>.

26. Works Cited • "The Truman Doctrine." The Truman Doctrine, 1947 - 1945–1952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian. Milstones Office, n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine>. • "March 12, 1947 | Truman Doctrine Announced." The Learning Network March 12 1947 Truman Doctrine Announced Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/12/march-12-1947-truman-doctrine-announced/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0>. • "Truman, "Special Message...," Speech Text." N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/truman-special-message-speech-text/>. • "Communist." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Apr. 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist>. • "Berlin Airlift." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-airlift>.