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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Histology: Study of Tissues. TISSUE TYPES. Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous. Embryonic Development. Blastocyst- ball of cells Germ layers: Endoderm- outer layer Mesoderm- middle layer Ectoderm- inner layer Gastrulation - process of blastocyst to germ layers

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Histology: Study of Tissues

  2. TISSUE TYPES • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous

  3. Embryonic Development • Blastocyst- ball of cells • Germ layers: • Endoderm- outer layer • Mesoderm- middle layer • Ectoderm- inner layer Gastrulation- process of blastocyst to germ layers Histogenesis- process of germ layers developing into different kinds of tissues.

  4. Epithelial Tissue • Types & locations • membranous: cover/lining; found in serous cavities, bld & lymph vessels, respiratory, digestive & genitourinary tracts. • Glandular: grouped in solid cords or specialized follicles that form secretory units of endocrine & exocrine glands.

  5. Epithelial Tissue • Functions • Protection • Sensory functions • Secretion • Absorption • Excretion

  6. Epithelial Tissue • Generalizations • Limited matrix material • Connects to connective tissue • Avascular • Cells tightly packed • Frequently replace themselves

  7. Epithelial Tissue • Classifications • Membranous epithelium • Classification based on cells shape • Squamouscells • Cubiodal cells • Columnar cells • Pseudostratified columnar cells

  8. Epithelial Tissue • Classifications • Classification based on layersof cells • Simple epithelium • Stratified epithelium • Transitional epithelium

  9. Epithelial Tissue • Glandular epithelium • Unicellular glands- single-celled glands; Goblet Cells • Multicellular glands- clusters, solid cords, specialized follicles • Exocrine glands- secrete into ducts • Endocrine glands- ductless glands

  10. Connective Tissue Categories • Embryonic or mesenchyme • Adult • Loose • Dense • Connective tissue with special properties • Cartilage • Bone • Blood

  11. Extracellular Matrix • Components • Protein fibers • Collagen which is most common protein in body • Reticular fill spaces between tissues and organs • Elastic returns to its original shape after distension or compression • Ground substance • Shapeless background • Fluid

  12. Loose Connective Tissue • Also known as areolar tissue • Loose packing material of most organs and tissues • Attaches skin to underlying tissues • Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and variety of cells

  13. Dense Connective Tissue • Denseregular • Has abundant collagen fibers • Tendons: Connect muscles to bones • Ligaments: Connect bones to bones • Dense regular elastic • Ligaments in vocal folds • Dense irregular • Scars • Dense irregular collagenous • Forms most of skindermis • Dense irregular elastic • In walls of elastic arteries

  14. Connective Tissue with Special Properties • Adipose tissue-Fat storage • Consists of adipocytes • Types • Yellow (white) • most abundant, white at birth and yellows with age • Brown • found only in specific areas of body as axillae, neck and near kidneys • Reticular tissue • Forms framework of lymphatictissue • Characterized by network of fibers and cells

  15. Cartilage • Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called lacunae • Next to bone firmest structure in body • Types of cartilage • Hyaline • Fibrocartilage • Elastic

  16. Hyaline Cartilage • Found in areas for strong support and some flexibility • Rib cage and cartilage in trachea and bronchi • Forms most of skeleton before replaced by bone in embryo • Involved in growththat increases bone length

  17. Fibrocartilage • Slightly compressible and very tough • Found in areas of body where a great deal of pressure is applied to joints • Knee, jaw, between vertebrae

  18. Elastic Cartilage • Rigid but elasticproperties • External ears, epiglottis

  19. Osseous Tissue • Commonly called bone tissue • Function is to support & protect • Made of osteocytes • Compact Bone • Cancellous or Spongy Bone

  20. Blood • Matrix between the cells is liquid • Hemopoietic tissue • Forms blood cells • Found in bone marrow • Yellow • Red

  21. Muscle Tissue • Characteristics • Contracts or shortens with force • Moves entire body and pumps blood • Types • Skeletal- moves bones • Striated and voluntary • Cardiac- pumps heart • Striated and involuntary • Smooth- covers organs; moves fluids • Nonstriated and involuntary

  22. Nervous Tissue • Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves • Ability to produce action potentials • Cells • Nerve cells or neurons • Consist of dendrites, cell body, axons • Consist of multipolar, bipolar, unipolar • Neurogliaor support cells

  23. Membranes • Mucous • Line cavities that open to the outside of body • Secrete mucus • Serous • Line cavities not open to exterior • Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal • Synovial • Line freely movable joints • Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

  24. Inflammation • Response when tissues damaged or with an immune response • Manifestations • Redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbance of function • Mediators • Include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes • Stimulate pain receptor and increase blood vessel permeability

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