Ksenija Turković Professor of Criminal Law Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb

1. Draftquestionnaire to enabletheLanzaroteCommitteetotakestockoftheSituationin State Parties Ksenija Turković Professor of Criminal Law Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb

2. LanzaroteConvention - a legallybinding instrument whichbuilds on alreadyexistinginternational instruments inparticular: • The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (art. 34) • The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography • International Labour Organisation Convention 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour • The European Social Charter (revised) • The Convention on Cyber crime (art. 9) • The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings • TheCouncilof Europe Conventionon the Exercise of Children’s Rights • Recommendation No. R (91) 11 concerning sexual exploitation, pornography and prostitution of, and trafficking in, children and young adults • Recommendation Rec(2001)16 on the protection of children against sexual exploitation • Recommendation Rec (2006) 8 on assistance to victims of crimes • The Council of the European Union Framework Decision on combating the sexual exploitation of children and child pornography • The Council of the European Union Framework Decision on the standing of victims in criminal procedures • The Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action • The Yokohama Global Commitment • The Budapest Commitment and Plan of Action

3. Purposes of the Documents • to promot the well being & best interest of any child • to prevent and combat sexual exploitation and sexual abuse of children; • to protect the rights of child victims of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse; • to promote national and international co-operation against sexual exploitation and sexual abuse of children.

4. Content • Substantivecriminallaw(offences, sanctions, aggrevatedcircumstances, jurisdiction) • Procedurallaw(needsofchildren) • specific investigation and criminal procedure measures(initiationofproceedings, covert operations, statute oflimitations) • childfriendlyjustice– rightsofvictims, protectivemeasures, assistance to victims, positionbefore, during & afterproceedings • Preventive measures(recrutment, training, awarness, education, participation) • Specialised authorities and co-ordinating bodies(mechanisms for data collection & focal points, co-ordinativebody) • Intervention programmes or measures(recipients, consent) • Recording and storing of data • International co-operation

5. AddedValue • New crimes introduced • participation of child in pornographic performances, • corruption of children, • solicitation of children for sexual purposes • The scope of traditional offences is widened or more precisely defined • clients incriminated for prostitution; • refers to all types of pornography not only computor based • intentional access to porno. material on Internet/by use of IT is punishable • simulatedpresentationsofnonexistantchyildrendeemedpornography • Aggrevating circumstances defined • abuse of children within family • abuseofvoulnerablechildren • Sanctions • taking of parental rights

6. Definition of jurisdiction – no double criminality is required • Period of limitation is extended (leave children enough time after becoming of legal age to sue) • Number of measures for the protection of child victims & witnesses is introduced • The use of covert operations during investigations is possible • The criminal proceedings must be officially instigated • Report of these crimes does not constitute violation of professional secrecy

7. Focal points for the collection of data & research should be established • Persons convicted for these crimes could not be admitted to work place in which they would have regular contacts with children • Intervention programs for perpetrators & potential perpetrators of these crimes should be introduced (consent/refusal) • Database of perpetrators should be established • Training should be provided to all kinds of professionals coming in contact with children • Data and info. on potential risks and ways to avoid them should be disseminated among children (through sexual education preferably) • Participationofchildren, civil society, privatefirms

8. Models • Indraftingquestionnaire I used as models: • QuesionnairedraftedbyEuropean Data ProtectionandCybercrimeDivisionrelated to LanzaroteandBudapestConventions (Cybercrime) • Questionnairedraftedby GRETA for theConvention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings

9. Theobjectiveofthequestionaire • To use Lanzaroteconvention as a benchmark for criminallawmeasures to betakenby State Partiesinaddressingthesexualexploatation & sexualabuseofchildren • To use Lanzaroteconvention as indicator to determine progress madebycountriesinlivingup to committmentsmadebyratification

10. State partiescommittedthemselves to: • Introducesubstantivecriminallawreforminorder to harmonizelegislation • Provide adequateinvestigativepowers to prosecuteandadjudicate • Raise awarnessoftheneed for comprihensivestrategiesagainstthesexualviolenceagainstchildren • Facilitate preventive measures (recruitment, training, awareness, education, participation, interventionprograms) • Facilitatetechnicalassistance • Empowerchildren to disclosetheirabuse (assistancetovictims, protectionofvictims) • Facilitateinternationalcooperation (complains, extradition, third state assistance, databases) • Allow for monitoringofprogessmadebyStates

11. Preliminaryquestiones • Related to personsandorganizationsfillinginthequestionnaire (standard questiones)

12. Overviewofthecurrentsituationandtrendsintheareaofsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildren (Q4) • Officialpolice data on sexualabuseofchildren & sexualassault • Court data on sexualabuseofchildren & sexualassault • EuropeanSourcebookofCrime & CriminalJusticeStatistics • Comparabledefinitionofcrimes (include, exclude) • Recommend for specialquestionnair or as anannex to presentquestionnaire

13. Sexual exploitation of children Ifproposal for collectingstatistical data is acceptedtablesshouldbedeveloped for thefollowingoffences: • Childprostitution (19 CSESAC) • Childpornography (20 CSESAC, 9 CCC) • Childpornographycperformances (21 CSESAC) • Corruptionofchildren (22 CSESAC) • Solicitationofchildren for sexualpurposes (23 CSESAC) • Trafficinginchildren (18 CAaTHB) • Sexualslavery • Sexualtourism (doublecriminalityrulenotrequired)

14. Overviewofthe legal andpolicyframeworkinthefieldofactionagainstsexualabuseandsexualexploatationofchildren • Internationaltreaties (Q5) • Party to (UN, CoE, EU) • Status ofinternationaltreatiesin national legal system (directimplementation – partof national law, transposed, precedenceincaseofinconsistancy, interpretative role) • National framework(when, why, whatenacted) • Legal acts (Q6) • Preventive measures • Substantivecriminallaw • Procedurallaw • Assistance & protectionofvictims • National Policy &/or Action Plan (Q7) • mainfieldsofaction • thebody/bodiesresponsible for itsimplementation

15. Measures to preventsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildren • Training, awarnessraisingofrelevantprofessionals (regularcontactwithchildren) (Q8; Art. 5/1,2; ER 54-56) • rightsofchildren & theirprotection • adequateknowledgeofsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildren • Recruitmentofprofessionals(no criminalrecord, for how longcriminalrecords are kept, differentrules for differentcrimes) (Q9; Art. 5/3; ER 57) • Q10 remove andappend to Q 62 • Educationofchildren  (Q11; Art.6; ER 58-63) • Risks & means to protectthemselves (information technologies) • Wayofinstruction

16. National/regional/localcampaign or programme to alertthepotentialvictims (general public) ofthephenomenonofsexualexploitationandsexualabuseofchildren & on the preventive measures (duringthelast 2 years) (Q12/Art. 8/1; ER 65) • Measures to prevent or prohibitethedisseminationof materials advertisingtheoffencesestablished(Q13/Art. 8/2/ER 66) • Steps to encouragetheparticipationofchildreninthedevelopmentandtheimplementationof state policies, programmes or otherinitiativesconcerningthefightagainstsexualexploitationandsexualabuseofchildren(Q14/Art.9/1; ER 67) • Steps to encouragetheparticipationofprivatesector(theinformation & communicationtechnologysector, thetourism & travelindustry, the banking & financesectors) & civil societyintheelaborationandimplementationofpolicies to preventsexualexploitation & sexualabuseofchildren (ways, self-regulation or co-regulation) (Q15/Art. 9/2; ER 68-73) • Encouragethemedia to provide appropriateinformationconcerning all aspectsofsexualexploitationandsexualabuseofchildren(Q16/Art. 9/3; ER 74)

17. fundshavebeenallocated to preventive measuresinthe state budget (central and/or regional/local) • specialfundscreated for theprojectsandprogramscarriedoutby civil society • anassessmentoftheimpactofthe preventive measures + resultsoftheassasment

18. Implementationofmeasures to protect & promotetherightsofvictimsofsexualexploatation & sexualabuse • Uncertain age ofthevictim(Q19; Art. 11/2; ER 88) • Confidentialityrules & reporting , mandatory or left to discretion, measurestoencouragereporting, towhichservices(Q20; Art.12; ER 89-91) • Informationservices(helplines) – confidentiality, anonimity, maincharacteristics(Q21; Art.13; ER 92) • Victimassistanceservices(adapted to victims age, who provides, how, what, multidisciplinarystructures, relatives, childrenviews) (Q22; Art.14/1; ER 94-97) • Interventionprocedureswhencaretakers are involved (removal) (Q23; Art.14/3; ER 99) • Allocationofspecificfundingfor assistanceandprotectionmeasures(Q24)

19. Preventive interventionprograms or measures • Interventionprogramsor measuresdesigned to evaluateandpreventriskofcommittingoffencesofsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildren(Q25, 7; Art. 15-17; ER 101-111) • Who hasacces (convicts, persons on conditionalrealise, personssubject to criminalproceedings, recidivists, youngoffenders, persons who havenotcommitted a crimeyet) • Useofassessmentofdangerousness to identifyappropriateprogrammes or measures for eachperson • ImplementationofInformedconsentprocedures • Youngoffendersprograms(Q26; Art. 16/3; ER 109) • Assessmentoftheeffectivenesandimpactofthe preventive programsandmeasures(Q27)

20. Specializedauthoritiesandcoordinatingbodies • Co-ordinatingbody(name, administrative status, annualbudget (ineuros), human resources, compositionandcompetences; plans to establish) (Q28; Art.10/1; ER 76-78) • Bodyresponsible for observingandevaluatingthephenomenonofsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildrenandtheco-ordinationofthecollectionofadministrative data or populationsurvey data on sexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildren – data collection service, focalpoint(Q29; Art.10/2; ER 79-84) • List agencies/NGOsinchargeoftheprotectionfrom, preventionofandfightagainstsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildren(Q30; Art.10/3; ER 85)

21. Criminallawrespons to sexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildren:a) substantivecriminallawb) prosecutionofperpetrators

22. Global Project on Cybercrime • Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, United Kingdom, Ukraine (42/47)

23. Implementationofmeasuresconcerningsubstantivecriminallaw • Formsofsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildrenrecognisedunder national laws(Q31; Art. 18-24, 27; ER 112-164, 182-193) : • Completly/partaly • Sanctions (criminal, civil & administrative) • Incriminationofattempt • Reservations (not to incriminateattempt) • Provide original & translatedprovisions • Anyotheroffencesincriminatingsexualabuse & sexualexpolatationofchildren (Q32) • The change ofdefinitionsunderthe influence ofLanzerotaConvention(Q33) – how theaddedvalueinsubstantivelawhasbeenimplemented

24. Introductionofspecialsanctions or measures(Q34; Art. 27; ER 182-193): • withdrawalofparentalrights, • monitoring or supervisionofconvictedpersons, • denyingtheperpetrator, temporarily or permanently, theexerciseofthe professional or voluntaryactivityinvolvingcontactwithchildreninthecourseofwhichtheoffencewascommitted, • enableingthetemporary or permanentclosureofanyestablishmentused to carryoutanyoftheoffencesestablishedinaccordancewiththisConvention, • others • Reservationsnot to incriminateattempt(Q35; Art.24; ER 161-164) - thisquestionshouldbeincludedinthe table in Q 31  • Indicatetheageas defined in domestic law below which it is prohibited to engage in sexual activities with child(Q36; Art.18/1a, 2; ER 119, 128) • Consensualsexualactivitiesbetweenminors(Q37; Art.18/3; ER 129)

25. Definitionofchildpornography(Q38; Art.21; ER 133-145) • simulatedrepresentations or realisticimagesof a non-existentchild (reservation) • imagesinvolvingchildren who havereachedthe age for sexualactivitiesaccording to yourinternallaw, wheretheseimages are producedandpossessedbythemwiththeirconsentandsolely for their own private use (reservation) • 39 & 40 – alreadyincludedin table under Q 31

26. Jurisdiction - specificrulesrelated(Q41; Art. 25/1e, 2, 4, 7; ER 169-171, 174 ): • establishingjurisdictionwhensuchoffences are committedby a personwho has his or her habitualresidenceinitsterritory • establishingjurisdictionwheresuchoffences are committedagainst a personwho has his or her habitualresidenceinitsterritory, • doublecriminalityrule- jurisdiction is notsubordinated to theconditionthattheacts are criminalised at the place wheretheywereperformed, • thejurisdiction is notsubordinated to theconditionthattheprosecutioncanonlybeinitiatedfollowing a reportfromthevictim or a denunciationfromthe state ofthe place wheretheoffencewascommitted

27. A specialfund(confiscatedproceeds) for financingpreventionandassistanceprogrammes for victimsofanyoftheoffencesestablishedinaccordancewiththisConvention (functioningofsuchfund, amountof resources in it and for whichpurposesthese resources maybeused) (Q42; Art.27/5; ER 193) • Listaggrevatingcircumstanceswithopen close (Q43; Art.28; ER 194-202) – indicate influence ofaggrevatingcircumstances on punishment • Takingintoaccountpreviousconvictionsinanotherpartywhendeterminingthepenaltyinrelation to offencesestablishedinaccordancewiththeConventioninthecaseofrecidivism (Q44; Art. 29; ER 203-208)

28. Implementationofmeasuresconcerninginvestigation, prosecutionandprocedurallaw • Measures to ensurethatinvestigationsandcriminalproceedings(Q 45, 46; Art. 30/1,2,3,4; ER 211-218) • are carriedoutinthebest interestsandrespectingtherightsofthechild • theinvestigationsandcriminalproceedingsdo notaggravatethe trauma experiencedbythechild • treated as priorityandcarriedoutwithoutanyunjustifieddelay • that the measures applicable under the current chapter are not prejudicial to the rights of the defence and the requirements of a fair and impartial trial,

29. Describecircumstancesunderwhichthe use ofcovertoperationsis allowedinrelation to theinvestigationoftheoffencesestablishedinaccordancewiththisConvention(Q 47; Art. 30/3; ER 216) • Describetechniquesdeveloped for examiningmaterialcontainingpornographicimagesofchildren(Q48; Art. 30/5; ER 217-218) • Describemeasurestaken to informchildvictimsoftheirrightsandtheservices at theirdisposal, relevantjudicialandadministrativeproceeedings, thefollow-upgiven to theircomplaint, thecharges, the general progress oftheinvestigation or proceedings, andtheir role as wellastheoutcomeoftheircases, reliseoftheperpetratorfromtheprison. Describemeasurestaken to provide suchinformationin a manneradapted to child's age andmaturityandin a languagethattheycanunderstand(Q49,50; Art. 31/1,2; ER 219-224)

30. Measures for protectionofchildvictims & witnesses(Q51-57, Art. 31/2-6, ER 224-229): • right to be heard, to supply evidence and to choose the means of having his/her views, needs and concerns presented, directly or through an intermediary • provisionofsupportservices to childvictimsandtheirfamilies • to protecttheidentityandsafetyofchildvictimsbefore, duringandafterinvestigationsandcriminalproceedings • to avoidcontactbetweenvictimsandperpetratorswithin court andlawenforcementagencypremises • to provide access to legal aidfreeofcharge • to appoint a specialrepresentative for thevictimwheretheholdersofparentalresponsibility are precludedfromrepresentingthechild as a resultofaconflictofinterestbetweenthemandthevictim

31. Participationof groups, foundations, associations or governmentalornon-governmentalorganisationsinassistingorsupportingvictimsin legal proceedings (theconditions for thisparticipation as wellastheir legal status duringtheseproceedings) • Initiationof legal proceedingsbythevictimand/or ex officio; investigations or prosecutionofoffencesshallnotbedependentuponthereportoraccusationmadeby a victim; theproceedingsmaycontinueevenifthevictimhaswithdrawn his or her statements; uncertainty as to theactual age ofthevictimshouldnotpreventtheinitiationofcriminalinvestigations(Q 58; Art. 32, 34/2; ER 230) • Extensionofthe statute oflimitation - for whichoffences & inwhichway(Q 59; Art.33; ER 231,232) • Persons, units or servicesinchargeofinvestigationsspecialisedinthefieldofcombatingsexualexploitationandsexualabuseofchildren (organization, functioning, training, financial resources) (Q 60; Art. 34/1; ER 233-235)

32. Interviewswithchildrenbeingvictims or witnesses(Q61; Art.35; ER 236-239) • Type, periodicity, fundingoftrainingprovided for judges, prosecutors, lawyersandotherpersons or entitiesspecialisedinthefightagainstsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildrenandintheprotectionofvictims(Q62; Art.36/1; ER 241) • Exclusionofpublicfromthehearing & interviewingvictimoutsideofcourtroom - use ofappropriatecommunication technologies (Q63; Art. 36/2; ER 242)

33. RecordingandStoringof Data • Organizationofthecollectionandstorageof data relating to theidentityandtothegenetic profile (DNA) ofpersonsconvictedoftheoffencesestablishedinaccordancewiththisConvention (thenameandaddressof a national authorityinchargeofcollectionandstorageof dana) • Transmitionof data to thecompetentauthorityofanotherPartytotheConvention • (Q64; Art 37; ER 243-250 )

34. Internationalco-operation • Legal basis for internationalco-operationinthefightagainstsexualexploatationandsexualabuseofchildrenandinprotectingandprovidingassistance to victims (national legislation & international instruments/agreements) (Q65; Art. 38/1; ER 255-257)  • Possibility to make a complaintbeforethecompetentauthoritiesoftheir state ofresidence(Q66; Art.38/2; ER 258, 259)  • If no mutal legal assistancetreatyhasbeensignedLanzeroteConventionshouldbeused as bases for extraditionand legal assistance(Q67; Art.38/3; ER 260)  • Providingassistance to third countries(Q68; Art.38/4; ER 261)

35. Thank you for your attention