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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. The Constitution Rights and Race Intertwined. Chapter 2: Measuring Equality Whom Did the Framers Represent? p. 40. Characteristics of the Fifty-Five Framers[1] White 100% (55) Male 100% (55) Education University educated 56.4% (31) Institutions attended:

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 • The Constitution Rights and Race Intertwined

  2. Chapter 2: Measuring EqualityWhom Did the Framers Represent?p. 40 Characteristics of the Fifty-Five Framers[1] • White 100% (55) • Male 100% (55) • Education • University educated 56.4% (31) • Institutions attended: • Princeton (10) • Univ. of Pennsylvania (2) • Columbia College (2) • William & Mary (3) • Harvard (3) • Scottish universities (3) • Yale (4) • Middle & Inner Temple, London (6) • Occupation • Lawyer (only) 47.3% (26) • Lawyer & another profession 16.3% (9) • Government experience • Colonial/Military Official 94.5% (52) • Member of Continental Congress 74.5% (41) • Property ownership • Owned their residences 100% (55) • Owned lands used for farming 56.4% (31) • Owned slaves 31 % (17)

  3. Chapter 2: Measuring EqualityWhom Did the Framers Represent? Cont. Economic level[2] Wealthy 10.9% (6) Middle class/comfortable 76.3% (42) Poverty-level 12.7% (7) Characteristics of the General Population according to the 1790 Census[3] Race White 80.40% (3,140,531) Slave Blacks 17.83% (694,207) Free Blacks 1.52% (59,196) Gender (White Population Only) Males 50.92% (1,599,213) Females 49.08% (1,541,318) Education level[4] “Most” White male children in the North attended school for 4-6 months a year from age 4 to 14. “Substantial amount” of White male children in the South attended school for 4-6 months a year from age 4-14. “Few” White male children in the West attended school or were literate. “Very few” White male children attended college or university. [5] “Very few” White female children received any formal classroom instruction

  4. Chapter 2: Measuring EqualityWhom Did the Framers Represent? Cont. Significant Colonial Occupations[6] • Farmer • Lumbering • Fishing • Iron-mining • Trading in furs and skins • Production of naval stores Property Ownership White slave-owning families 11.6% (47,664) Land owners: 13% of (1774 population) People associated with slave owning: 7.2% (of White population in 1790); 6.13% (in 1774) Economic level (in 1774)(category classifications were determined from the distribution of wealth)[7] High wealth: Top 2% held 24.6% of the wealth Middle wealth: Top 20% held 73.2% of the wealth Low wealth: 70% held only 28.6% of the wealth Very low wealth: Botton 10% owned 1.7% of the wealth (in other words they were in debt) No Wealth: 81.53% of the population had no measurable wealth

  5. Chapter 2: Measuring EqualityWhom Did the Framers Represent? Cont. • [1]The U.S. Constitution: The Delegates. National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.gov/exhall/charters/constitution/confath.html; Forrest McDonald, We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958), Chapters 1-3. • [2]Information on economic levels were drawn from the Biographical Index of Our Founding Fathers, The National Archives and Record Administration, Washington, D.C. The category classifications were determined from language in the biographies. Actual dollar figures of wealth and income are not readily available. • [3]Unless otherwise indicated data are taken from the 1790 Census that surveyed population characteristics mainly. • [4]Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983); Genealogical Publishing Company, A Century of Population Growth (Baltimore: GPC, 1989). • [5]The 1790 Census indicated that there were 807,312 white males over the age of 16 in the country. A listing of the most prominent colleges and universities at the same time show a combined enrollment of 1,122 students (white males). • [6]Stella H. Sutherland, Population Distribution in Colonial America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), pg. xi. • [7]Jones, Alice Hanson, Wealth of a Nation to Be (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980); Jones, Alice Hanson, American Colonial Wealth (New York: Arno Press, 1977.)

  6. Chapter 2:EvaluatingEquality p. 44

  7. p. 49

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