GOAL #2 SECTIONALISM

1. GOAL #2 SECTIONALISM How did the forces of sectionalism impact the United States 1801-1850?

2. Sectionalism is………

3. The excessive concern for the interests of a section. • Excessive concern for the interest of one group or area to the detriment of the whole.

4. King Cotton

5. The southern economy was based on the production of cash crops. • Md., Va., Ky., and Te., tobacco • S.C. and Ga. coastal regions rice production • La. and eastern Texas sugarcane • Inland S.C. west through Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and into eastern Texas the most important crop- cotton

6. Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

7. 1793, Eli Whitney built a cotton gin to remove cotton seeds from the bolls • One slave by hand could separate only a pound a day • The machine combed the seeds out of the bolls

8. King Cotton

9. The invention of the cotton gin coincided with the expansion of textile mills in Europe • England and France bought all of the cotton they could get • 1792, 6,000 bales produced in the South • 1801, 1,000,000 bales • Cotton the major southern cash crop • Late 1840s 4,000,000 bales produced, sold for $191 million in Europe

10. Cotton accounted for almost 2/3rds of the total export trade of the United States • Cotton made interior southern states prosperous • Cotton gin made planters rich and strengthened the institution of slavery • Spread of cotton plantations across the south increased the demand for slave labor

11. The effects of the ban on the importation of slaves in 1808

12. Congress outlawed the importation of slaves in 1808. • The high birthrate of enslaved women enabled slaveholders to sell new laborers at high prices • 1820-1850, the slave population in the South rose from 1.5 million to almost 4 million

13. Southern Industry

14. Industrial growth in the South falls behind industrial growth in the North. • The South prospered from agriculture, did not industrialize as fast as the North. • The South remained rural with small villages and plantations. • Three large southern cities, Baltimore, Md., Charlestown, S.C., and New Orleans, La.

15. Southern industry in the South, coal, iron, salt, copper mines, ironworks, and textile mills • The South largely dependent on imported goods • Most of the products in the US were produced in the North • 1860, the southern share of US manufacturing was about 16%

16. Southern Society

17. The planter was at the top of the antebellum southern class structure • 1850 census, white population of 6 million in the south, 347,725 families were slaveholders • Only 37,000 planters who owned 20 or more slaves • 11 owned 500 or more slaves • Very few lived in mansions, most lived in cottages

18. The cotton boom allowed small scale planters to climb the social ladder, acquire social refinements and the expansion of land holdings • Wealthy planters less than one half of one percent of the white families, a little over 2% of the slaveholding families- but dominated the economic, political, and legal systems of the South

19. Yeoman farmers, ordinary farmers made up the majority of the white population, owned 4 or fewer slaves, most owned no slaves and worked the land themselves • Near the bottom of the social ladder, the rural poor- lived on barren land, hunting, fishing, grew vegetables in small gardens, raised half-wild hogs and chickens, made up 10% of the white population

20. At the very bottom of Southern society, African Americans, 98% were enslaved • By 1850 almost 3.6 million African Americans lived in the South • Made up around 37% of the total southern population • The rest of southern society comprised of urban professionals, lawyers, doctors, merchants- many city dwellers invested in or owned farms to produce cotton

21. The Slave Labor System

22. The rice and cotton plantations needed slave labor to exist • Most slave worked in the fields • Some slaves worked in factories • Some slaves were skilled workers, blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers, or house servants

23. There were two basic slave labor systems • The Task system • Each individual assigned tasks, worked until tasks completed, spend the remainder of the day on their own, earn money as skilled artisan, work in personal gardens to grow food The Gang System -cotton production increased, slavery more widespread, large plantations organized slaves into groups where they were taken into the fields

24. They worked from sunup to sundown • The Driver directed the work of the gang, the Driver may also be a slave, ensured slaves worked the entire day

25. Slave Codes

26. Slavery was a degrading experience • Slaves had few legal rights • Southern states had slave codes • Could not own property • Could not leave the slaveholder’s premises without permission • Could not possess firearms • Could not testify against whites • Could not be taught to read or write

27. Slaves were seen as and treated as property

28. Free African Americans in the South

29. By 1850, 225,000 free African Americans • Lived in the towns and cities of the Upper South • Some were descendents of African indentured servants in the 1700s before the slave system was in place • Some earned freedom by fighting in the Revolutionary War

30. Some were the half-white children of the slaveholder who granted them freedom • Former slaves who bought freedom • Former slaves freed by their owners • Some freemen in larger cities prospered and often became slaveholders themselves • Requirement/restrictions on freedmen varied from state to state

31. May need a license to preach or own weapons • Had to act humble and subservient in front of whites • In the North 196,000 freedmen, slavery was outlawed, there they were subject to prejudice and discrimination • In the North they could organize churches and organizations, hold jobs and earn money

32. African American Culture

33. Songs, used to pass the long workday, sing about bondage and hopes of freedom • Songs, key role in religions, 1800s large number of slaves were Christians, often included religious traditions from Africa • Religious services centered around prayer, pray about a specific concern, freedom or a better life

34. To deal with the horrors of slavery, slaves used language, music, and religion to develop a culture that gave them a sense of pride, unity, and mutual support

35. Resistance and Rebellion

36. Resistance • To oppose conditions imposed on them slaves • Engaged in work slowdowns • Broke tools • Set fire to houses and barns • Ran away at risk of beatings and mutilations • More violent rebellions

37. Denmark Vesey

38. 1822, Denmark Vesey, a free African American in Charleston, SC. accused of planning an armed revolt to free area slaves • Tried, convicted, and hanged

39. Nat Turner

40. August, 1831, Nat Turner, enslaved minister • Turner felt the Lord wanted him to lead his people to freedom • Turner led an armed revolt that killed 50 white women, men, and children • Local troops put down the rebellion, tried Turner and sentenced him to hang

41. Missouri Compromise

42. Monroe’s Era of Good Feelings ending sectional conflict- main issue slavery • 1819, Missouri applies for statehood • National issue, should slavery expand westward? • 1819, 11 free states and 11 slave states • North held the majority of the seats in the US House of Representatives, admitting a new state, free or slave would upset the balance of political power in the US Senate

43. Missouri asked to be admitted as a slave state, 1823 • Congressman James Tallmadge of NY proposed no new slave enter Missouri and enslaved children in Missouri be freed at age 25 • The proposal was rejected by the Senate • Maine asked to be admitted as a separate free state, Senate put both together and the balance of power was preserved

44. Senator Jesse Thomas of Illinois proposed an amendment to the bill to prohibit slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s southern border • Allow slavery to expand to Arkansas but not the rest of the territory • The common thought was that the land north of Missouri, the Great Plains, not good for farming

45. It appeared the South benefited the most from the compromise, Henry Clay of Kentucky helped push it through the House of Representatives • The hope was to quiet the slave and anti-slave issue with the admission of one free and one slave state • Many felt the Missouri Compromise would not be a permanent solution to the slave issue

46. The Election of 1824

47. The election of 1824 reflected the sectional interests of the time period • The election divided the Democratic-Republican Party • Four candidates ran for the presidency • The Favorite Sons, supported by their state or region • Henry Clay, Kentucky

48. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (both Clay and Jackson represented the West) • John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts (Monroe’s Secretary of State) • William Crawford, Georgia (South) • Crawford, State’s Rights and strict interpretation of the Constitution • Clay, national bank, protective tariff, American System, roads, canals

49. Adams, internal improvements, no protective tariff • Jackson, avoided the issues focused on his role in the Battle of New Orleans • Election day, Jackson won the popular vote, no electoral majority

50. Corrupt Bargain • The election of 1824, no electoral majority • The election went to the House of Representatives • The top three vote getters were considered • Clay fourth in electoral votes was the Speaker of the House with great influence, popular thought Clay would determine who won • Jackson and Clay rivals from the West did not like each other