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Fossil Fuels Reza Toossi

Fossil Fuels Reza Toossi. Carbon Cycle. Calorific Values. Natural Gas 1000 BTU/cu.ft 58 MJ/kg Petroleum  19000 BTU/lb or 5.8 million BTU/bbl 44 MJ/kg Coal 6000-16000 BTU/lb 14- 35 MJ/kg * 1 kg = 2.2 lb. ; 1 m3 = 35.3 ft3; 1 bbl = 42 U.S. gallons = 159.1 lit. Compare.

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Fossil Fuels Reza Toossi

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  1. Fossil FuelsReza Toossi

  2. Carbon Cycle

  3. Calorific Values Natural Gas • 1000 BTU/cu.ft • 58 MJ/kg • Petroleum  • 19000 BTU/lbor5.8 million BTU/bbl • 44 MJ/kg • Coal • 6000-16000 BTU/lb • 14- 35 MJ/kg * 1 kg = 2.2 lb. ; 1 m3 = 35.3 ft3; 1 bbl = 42 U.S. gallons = 159.1 lit

  4. Compare • Fossil Fuels • 1 liter of petroleum = 1 kg of coal = 1 m3 of natural gas) • 1 gal of petroleum = 10 pounds of coal = 150 ft3 of natural gas

  5. Energy Source Quads Percent of Total Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Biomass Geothermal Solar Wind Total 21.8 37.7 22.0 7.7 3.5 3.2 0.04 0.07 0.05 96.4 22.6 39.1 22.8 8.0 3.6 3.3 0.04 0.07 0.05 100 Fossil vs. Non-fossil use in US (1999)

  6. World Oil (2002)

  7. World Oil (2005)

  8. Extraction (SPE Video)

  9. OPEC • Organization of petroleum Exporting Countries • Formed in 1960 • Current member states are: Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the United Arab Emirates

  10. Oil Prices

  11. US Resources (Annual Production)

  12. Hubbert Model (1956) • All resources (fossil fuel, minerals) have a finite life time. • The peak production occurs at a point where 50% of all resource has been depleted. • The distribution is symmetrical about the peak point.

  13. Hubbert’s Curve

  14. US Oil Production

  15. Production Midpoints for major Oil Producing Countries

  16. Coal - Formation • Dead plants • Decomposed by aerobic bacteria yielding CO2, CH4, etc. • Decomposed anaerobically (without air) if covered by mud for a long time. • Occurs in stratified deposits, 2-100 feet thick in average depth of about 300 feet

  17. Coal - Resources • US: • Appalachian Basin (West Virginia, Pennsylvania) • Illinois Basin (Illinois, Indiana) • Rocky Mountains (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, N. Dakota) • World: • Former Soviet Union (56%) • United States (20%) • Asia (9%)

  18. Coal – Types • Anthracite • Oldest (350 million years) • Highest quality(95% carbon) • Most clean • Pennsylvania (14,000 Btu/lb) • Bituminous • 300 million years • Medium quality (50-80% carbon) • Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Utah (12,500 Btu/lb) • Lignite • 60-150 million years • Low quality (<50% carbon) • North Dakota (10,000 Btu/lb), Texas (7,000 Btu/lb) * Peat (mix of coals of different ranks such as brown coal, lignite, bituminous)

  19. Strip Mining • Soil instability • Damage to landscape, Flora and fauna • Possibility of acidic and alkaline drainage • Transport of toxic substances to the surface

  20. Shale Oil • Carbon bearing mudstone or marlstone containing organic kerogen (HC wax-like substance) • Found in bottom of Green River (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming) • US reserves are even larger than petroleum reserves

  21. Shale Oil - Problems • Must be extracted, retorted (heated to 1000 F to drive out the HC) and refined. • High sulfur content • Low yield (10-25 gallons/ton) • Requires a lot of water for processing • Disposal of spent shale a problem • Cost is prohibitive except for the best quality shale oil

  22. Tar Sands • Deposits of sand impregnated with a thick, viscous oil called bitumen. • Must be mined and transported for processing. • Processing involves extraction of bitumen by steam and hot water followed by refining. • Main deposits in Alberta, Canada • Production prices started to be comparable to that of crude oil.

  23. Natural Gas • Associated and Non-Associated Gas • Composition • Natural Gas • CNG and LNG • LPG

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