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Germany: 1917-1932

Germany: 1917-1932. SPRITE. SOCIAL. Attitudes on the Weimar Republic. Lower Middle Class Businessman. Feared the economic and social chaos that had characterized the early years of the Weimar Republic. During Weimar’s golden period, they were successful and comfortable

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Germany: 1917-1932

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  1. Germany: 1917-1932 SPRITE

  2. SOCIAL Attitudes on the Weimar Republic

  3. Lower Middle Class Businessman • Feared the economic and social chaos that had characterized the early years of the Weimar Republic. • During Weimar’s golden period, they were successful and comfortable • However, they still resented the new welfare system, which led to higher taxation. • Feared that any future crisis in Weimar would rob them of their small wealth and lower them back down in the social status • Later on they supported the Nazi’s.

  4. Farmers • Suffered during the Weimar years • They had high rents and low prices for their produce. • 1925-29 food prices fell by 30% • 52.4% of farmers voted Nazi in 1933 Unemployed • Still continued • Slight improvement between 1923-27, but not significant. • 55% of the unemployed joined the Nazi Party

  5. Landowner • Extremely wealthy • made money from the high rents they charged A Young Person • Generally were not sympathetic to the Weimar Republic. Women w/ Unemployed Husbands • Very upset • It was hard to find work during the Weimar Period • Wives faced the impossible task of trying to feed families.

  6. Communist Social Democrat • Anti Weimar and anti capitalist • Replace the Republic with a Soviet style workers state • Supporter of the Weimar Republic • It was the main governing party • Saw the Republic as the only safe and democratic future for Germany

  7. Political Weimar Republic

  8. 1919-1923: Turmoil • A series of defeats led to strikes throughout Germany. • Soldiers, sailors and workers formed councils • William II abdicated and went into exile in Holland. • A republic was declared and Frederich Ebert became Chancellor. • The first act of this new government was to sign the armistice with the Allies. • Hitler and others saw this as an act of treason.

  9. 1919-1923: Turmoil The Spartacus Revolt • Many hoped to see a Russian style revolution in Germany. • Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg led the left wing Spartacus movement and began a revolt in Berlin in January 1919. • Many feared the “red plague” • the defense minister Gustav Noske used the army and the Freikorps to crush the revolt. • Liebknecht and Luxemburg were shot and the revolt was over.

  10. 1919-1923: Turmoil The New Constitution • Germans voted for parties in January 1919 that favored the new democratic republic • very democratic • The Reichstag was to be elected every four years • People over the age of twenty could vote • Political chaos caused many to lose faith in the new democratic system

  11. 1919-1923: Turmoil The Main Political Parties • The SPD (Social Democrats): moderate socialist party as well as anti-communist • The Centre Party (Zentrum): set up to defend Catholic interests in 1870 • The DDP (German Democratic Party): middle class Liberal party • The DVP (German People’s Party): They were supported by the middle-classes

  12. Who opposed the Weimar Republic? From the left: • The USPD (Independent Socialist Party) • The KPD (Communist Party) From the right: • The DNVP (German National People’s Party) • The NSDAP(National Socialist German Worker’s Party)

  13. Golden Period • In 1923, Gustav Stresemann was appointed chancellor. • Improve Germany’s international position • Because of Stresemann, Germany was given American loans which improved the economic position. • In 1925, the Locarno Pact was taken place: Germany recognized its Western frontiers as final. • In 1926, Germany joined the League of Nations (making her a Great Power) • Young Plan(1929): reduced German reparations • Stresemann died of a stroke October 1929.

  14. 1930-1933: The Collapse of the Weimar Republic • The Great Depression • The Wall Street Crash • People left the democratic parties and turned to either the Communists or the Nazis. • 1930 elections: Nazi’s(107 deputies) beat the communist(77 deputies) • The new chancellor became Heinrich Bruning: increased taxes, reduced salaries and reduced unemployment assistance. • Very unpopular---nicknamed the “hunger chancellor.” • Parliamentary democracy wasn’t supported by 1932.

  15. Intellectual • Known as the Weimer Republic • Age of Expression and modernity • Poets and Writers flourished in this new “experimental” society. • Cabaret scene enters Germany • Woman start to use American styles • Architectural changes *Bauhaus* • Artist apply “Neue Sachlichkeit” new objectivity.

  16. Intellectual (continued) • The Weimer period was a very significant age in Germany, due to the expression and new challenges people put on the government. Essentially they challenged every one of their traditions to explore new ones that were a bit more modern outside of Germany. • This age of expression opened many doors for artists and writers alike. • Woman also played a significant role in stepping out of the normal house wife role by cutting their hair short and wearing makeup that otherwise wouldn’t have been looked kindly upon. • Architecture was also changed.

  17. Major Influential Artists Otto Dix, Grosz, Christian Schad, and Rudolf Schlicter.

  18. Major Influential Artists Otto Dix, Grosz, Christian Schad, and Rudolf Schlicter.

  19. Major Influential Artists Otto Dix, Grosz, Christian Schad, and Rudolf Schlicter.

  20. Major Influential Artists Otto Dix, Grosz, Christian Schad, and Rudolf Schlicter.

  21. Quick Facts about Artist What about OTTO DIX? ? • Exposed the brutality of war and made painting of the Weimer society. • Major contributor to NeueSachlichkeit • Had first hand knowledge of WW1 he was a soldier. • Became part of the Dada movement with Grosz.

  22. Quick Facts George Grosz Leader of Movement? • Prominent member of Dada • Joined Communist Party of Germany • Artwork mostly in Ink. • Met with Lenin and Trotsky • His later work focused on Romanticism rather than • Went to U.S to teach in N.YC. • “My aim is to be understood by everyone. I reject the 'depth' that people demand nowadays, into which you can never descend without a diving bell crammed with cabbalistic bullshit and intellectual metaphysics. This expressionistic anarchy has got to stop... a day will come when the artist will no longer be this bohemian, puffed-up anarchist but a healthy man working in clarity within a collectivist society.” -Grosz

  23. Quick Facts Christian Schad & Rudolf Schlicter . • Participated in the Dada Movement (C.S) • Associated with the New Objectivity Movement(C.S) • Not as popular as Dix which is why he wasn’t harassed by the government later in life.(C.S) • Focused on Realism. Later focused on Surrealism. (R.S)

  24. Writers • Writers also played a significant role in Weimer culture. • Such as Erich Maria Remarque and Thomas Mann • Erich wrote All is Quite on the Western Front, which focused on the fall of old European values and the rise of new ones. He was even the inspiration for later films. • Thomas Mann was a social critic notable for his ironic, epic novels and stories.

  25. Religion • Church and state separation • Abolition of monarchal establishments • State church traditions maintained granted both Roman Catholic and Evangelical churches individual from state.

  26. Technological • Gummy bears were invented! • U.S. Patent 1,995,018 , H. J. Spanner, "Gas Filled Tube" • U.S. Patent 2,257,827 , G. J. Weissenberg, "Electron Discharge Tube" • U.S. Patent 2,521,315 , J. A. Victoreen, "Geiger tube" • U.S. Patent 2,542,440 , J. A. Victoreen, "Geiger tube“ • So apparently this Geiger Tube was important to science because it was an improvement for the Geiger counter the tube helped recognize particles inputted inside of it.

  27. Economic • Treaty of Versailles called for Germany to pay for reparations after the war. Germany was unable to pay these reparations due to having their coal/iron mines occupied which really hurt their ability to pay these reparations. The Americans utilized a plan made by the Dawes Committee to try and help Germany pay its debt to the Allied Powers as well as being able to collect debt from both the Allies and Germany. The 4 main points of the Dawes Plan were:

  28. Economic • The DAWES PLAN • The Ruhr area was to be evacuated by Allied occupation troops. (Area where majority of coal/iron mines were.) • Reparation payments would begin at one billion marks for the first year and would increase over a period of four years to two and one half billion marks per year. • The German Reichsbank would be reorganized under Allied supervision. (The main or Central Bank of Germany at that time.) • The sources for the reparation money would include transportation, excise, and custom taxes.

  29. Economic • EFFECTS… • The Dawes Plan was initially successful in that it did help stimulate the German economy and help stabilize their currency. However it made Germany very integrated and dependent on foreign markets. Because they were dependent on the foreign markets, they were affected drastically by the Stock Market crash of the United States that brought them into the Great Depression.

  30. Economic • Due to this the money that Germany was receiving to pay back the allied powers had stopped and their debt was still there. In order to pay this debt to the Allies without any money from America, the Germans decided to print more money of their own and just give it to the Allies. However because of this foolish maneuver, hyperinflation occurred.

  31. Economic • The German papiermark,thier currency of that time, had dropped in value exponentially over months. At the height of its inflation the papiermark, the exchange rate had reached 4,200,000,000,000 Marks to 1 US dollar, as compared to 4.2 mark per US dollar a few years ago. The inflation was so bad that it was at time more efficient to burn the currency for heat and to cook with than spending the money on firewood. In order to stop the inflation the Reichsbank mortgaged land and gathered industrial goods to back a new currency called the Retenmark which was worth 10^12 papiermarks and helped stabilize the German currency.

  32. Bibliography For Social section: http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:jHNhkNLVCZsJ:www.ralphallen.org/New%2520school%2520web%2520site/elearninghome/subject%2520areas/History%2520resources/history%25202/ASHistory_files/as%2520NAZIS/The%2520Attitudes%2520of%2520Weimar%2520Society.doc+weimar+society&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us For Political Section http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm Who did what…. • Alicia---- Social and Political Research; DBQ • Erika-----Religious and Intellectual Research; DBQ • William---Technological and Economical Research; DBQ

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