April 6, 2010 M. Conlan A. Moini

1. Elastic Threshold-based Admission Control for QoS Satisfaction in Wireless Networks with Reward Optimization for Multiple Priority Classes April 6, 2010 M. Conlan A. Moini

2. Content • Background • Key QoS metrics for wireless cellular networks • Call Admission Control (CAC) algorithms • Elastic threshold-based CAC algorithm • System model • Performance model • Analysis results • Comparison with other CAC algorithms • Conclusions • References

3. Background • Mobile wireless networks must increasingly carry multiple classes of services with distinct Quality of Service (QoS) requirements • real-time multimedia services • Standard voice calls • Streaming video/audio • non-real-time services • SMS text messages • Picture mail • Email • Network providers need a method for optimizing the cumulative value of services they provided • This presentation focuses on a threshold-based CAC algorithm which determines optimal threshold levels maximizing system “reward” while satisfying QoS constraints for multiple priority service classes

4. Key QoS Performance Metrics Cellular Wireless Network • Blocking probability of new calls • Dropping probability of handoff calls • a handoff occurs when a mobile user with an ongoing connection leaves current cell and enters another cell • an ongoing connection may be dropped during a handoff due to unavailability of wireless channels (insufficient bandwidth in new cell) • QoS Constraints • observed blocking probability should be less than the blocking probability threshold for each service class i Bih ≤ Btih Bin ≤ Btin You can reduce handoff-call-drop probability by rejecting new connection requests, thus increasing in new-call blocking probability.

5. Call Admission Control (CAC) • Mechanism to regulate traffic volume in (wireless or wired) networks • intended to ensure, or maintain, a certain level of quality of service • work by regulating total utilized bandwidth, total number of calls, packets or data bits passing a specific point per unit time • Extensively studied for single-class network traffic, such as voice (real-time) • Threshold-based • when a defined limit is reached or exceeded, new calls may be prohibited from entering the network until at least one current call terminates or prevent new calls from entering the network only if the resources of a particular type would be overburdened • example: keep the dropping probability of handoff calls and/or the blocking probability of new calls lower than pre-specified thresholds • Partition-based algorithms • partition system resources and allocate distinct partitioned resources to serve distinct service classes • Priority-based • regulation of calls according to priority descriptors • Graceful degradation • service quality of individual calls can deteriorate to a certain extent before new calls are denied entry

6. Call Admission Control (CAC) Algorithms • Threshold-based Algorithm • Ogbonmwan, Li and Kazakos (2005) • 3 threshold levels for a system with two service classes • used to reserve channels for voice handoff calls,new voice calls, and data handoff calls • threshold values are periodically reevaluated based on workload conditions • Distributed CAC algorithm • Haung and Ho (2002) • partitions channel resources in each cell into three partitions: • real-time calls partition • non-real-time calls partition, and • shared partition used by both classes calls to share • applies a threshold value to new calls to satisfy more stringent QoS requirements for handoff calls • uses an iterative algorithm to estimate call arrival rates to each cell in the heterogeneous networks

7. CAC Algorithms (cont.) • Bandwidth Reservation and Reconfiguration • Ye, Hou and Papavassilliou (2002) • mechanism to facilitate handoff processes for multiple services • Common Characteristics of CAC Algorithms • Call admission decisions based on meeting or not exceeding a certain threshold levels • Example: keep dropping probability of handoff calls and/or blocking probability of new calls lower than pre-specified thresholds • Handle QoS requirements without considering “value” issues associated with service classes, i.e., what value priority service classes will bring to a system

8. Threshold-based CAC Algorithm • Chen and Chen (2006) • Assigns distinct, discrete thresholds to each service type • Shares all available channels among all service classes to achieve higher utilization • Leverages thresholds to limit traffic from low-priority calls, hence reserving more bandwidth for high-priority calls • Limitations: • suffers from use of discretethresholdswhich cuts traffic from service classes abruptly and reject any further traffic • How to select “appropriate” threshold level

9. ElasticThreshold-based CAC Algorithm for Multiple Service Classes with Priorities • Extends earlier work by Chen et al. (2006) • Utilizes two thresholds for each service class i: • low threshold • high threshold • Rejects a fraction of class i new service calls when low threshold is reached • Rejects allclass i new service calls once high threshold is reached

10. CLAIM: Elastic Threshold-based CAC Algorithm produces optimal results! • By allowing multiple service call types to share all channels and by limiting call arrivals of low-priority service classes, elastic threshold-based CAC algorithm produces optimal results: • maximizes systems rewardwhile meeting QoS requirements • “reward” refers to any kind of “value” brought to the system due to services • example: “revenue” • generates higher rewards compared to existing CACs

11. Network Reward Function (assuming 2-priority service classes*) reward earned from servicing class i handoff calls per unit time reward earned from servicing classinew calls per unit time *: extensible to multiple service classes without loss of generality

12. Service QoS Requirements(assuming 2-priority service classes) • QoS constraints are expressed in terms of blocking probability thresholds: Observedhandoff dropping probability and new call blocking probability of class i generated by a CAC algorithm must not exceed the corresponding threshold probabilities. Blocking probability threshold for new calls Blocking probability threshold for handoff calls

13. System Model (Wireless Cellular Network) • Each cell has C channels where C can vary depending on the available bandwidth in that cell • When a call of service class ienters a handoff area from a neighboring cell, a handoff call request is generated • Threshold is reached if accepting an incoming call will cause the number of channels used to exceed the threshold value. • Each service call has its specific QoS requirement • dictated by its service type attribute (e.g., real-time, non real-time) • requires certain number of bandwidth channels • imposes system-wide QoS requirements

14. Elastic Threshold-based CAC Algorithm for Multiple Service Classes with Priorities • System rejects a fraction of class i new calls when is reached and rejects all classinew calls when is reached • starts blocking a fraction of class ihandoff calls when is reached and blocks all class i handoff calls when is passed. handoff call class i low threshold high threshold new call class i low threshold high threshold

15. Elastic Threshold-based CAC Algorithm for 2-priority Service Classes* *: extensible to multiple service classes without loss of generality

16. Elastic Threshold-based CAC Algorithm for 2-priority Service Classes • Low threshold is triggered if a new low-priority class 2 call arrives when the number of channels used by the system is greater than by . • CAC then starts rejecting a fraction of (class 2) call arrivals until a class 2 a new call arrival causes the number of channels being used exceed the high threshold • Oncethe high threshold of new calls is reached, the system rejects all class 2 new calls. • Similar behavior for class 2 handoff calls

17. Elastic Threshold-based CACCall Admission Probabilities n : total number of channels allocated in the system ki : number of channels required by a service call Prob. of accepting a new call of service class i Prob. of accepting a hand-off call of service class i

18. SPN Model for Elastic Threshold-based CAC

19. SPN Model for Elastic Threshold-based CAC Places Transitions * : * :

20. SPN Model for Elastic Threshold CAC : : Transitions Enabling Predicates

21. SPN Model for Elastic Threshold CAC Arrival Rates if = if 0 if is disabled. if = if 0 if is disabled.

22. SPN Model Parameters • Blocking/dropping probabilities as a function of arrival rate: • Reward earned per unit time, per cell V i : assigned reward per call for service class i(no distinction between new and handoff calls) reward earned from servicing classihandoff calls per unit time reward earned from servicing class inew calls per unit time

23. Finding Optimal Threshold Combination • Challenge: find a set of threshold levels that provide “legitimate” solution • Two-step process • Step I: finding a “legitimate” solution • Step II: determining a locally optimal solution by applying a greedy search starting from the legitimate solution found in Step I • Finding a “legitimate” solution • Method I: set all thresholds at max capacity (C) and incrementally reduce low threshold, in reverse priority order, until “legitimate” solution is found • Method II: start with all thresholds set to minimum channel size required to support the QoS constraints and incrementally increase until “legitimate” solution is found (invoked only if 1st method fails). Next perturb threshold levels using a greedy search algorithm to optimize reward while satisfying QoS requirements • Check adjacent threshold levels (current threshold ) for values with higher reward, if any. legitimatesolution: maximizes reward per unit time while satisfying QoS constraints

24. Comparison of Elastic Threshold-based with other CAC Algorithms • Model and analyze wireless cellular network performance using simulation • Apply competing CAC algorithms to measure system QoS and reward rate performance • threshold-based • partition • spillover • elastic threshold-based • Consider two distinct priority service classes • real-time (e.g. video) and non real-time (e.g. voice) • each service type requires a number of bandwidth channels to satisfy its bandwidth QoS requirement • handoff calls have a higher priority than new calls since disconnection of an ongoing call is considered very undesirable

25. Simulated Wireless Cellular Network with Wrap-around Structure • 6 adjacent cells • 1024 users • Random destination • Random speed • Random pause time

26. Simulation Parameters new call blocking probability handoff call blocking probability for each service class i (i =1,2)

27. Reward Rate vs. Number of Mobile Units Elastic threshold-based CAC algorithm produced highest reward.

28. QoS of Call Admission Algorithms Elastic threshold-based CAC algorithm ensures QoS for more users.

29. Conclusions • Elastic threshold-based CAC algorithm is superior • satisfies QoS requirements even in heavy load conditions • generates high rewards despite increased traffic generated by high population • leverages low threshold to regulate traffic (rejecting just a fraction of traffic) and the high threshold to reject traffic generated by service calls • outperforms existing CAC algorithms for QoS satisfaction and reward optimization • is extensible to multiple priority service classes • Threshold-basedand spillover CAC algorithms perform reasonably well under moderate load • Partitioning CAC algorithms perform poorly among all

30. References • S.E. Ogbonmwan, W. Li, D. Kazakos, Multi-threshold bandwidth reservation scheme of an integrated voice/data wireless network, in: 2005 International Conference on Wireless Networks, Communications and Mobile Computing, Maui, Hawaii, June 2005, pp. 226–231. • Y.-R. Haung, J.-M. Ho, Distributed call admission control for a heterogeneous PCS network, IEEE Transactions on Computers 51 (2002), 1400–1409. • J. Ye, J. Hou, S. Papavassilliou, A comprehensive resource management for next generation wireless networks, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 1 (4) (2002) 249–263. • I.R. Chen, C.M. Chen, Threshold-based admission control policies for multimedia servers, The Computer Journal 39 (9) (1996) 757–766. • O. Yilmaz and I.R. Chen, "Elastic threshold-based admission control for QoS satisfaction with reward optimization for servicing multiple priority classes in wireless networks,“ Information Processing Letters, Vol. 109, No. 15, July 2009, pp. 868-875.